U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Federal Aviation Administration

rosaP Repository & Open Science Access Portal

The FAA conducts research to ensure that commercial and general aviation is the safest in the world. Bookmark this collection https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_faa or https://doi.org/10.21949/1530831.

(13)
(44)
(35)
(36)
(41)
(21)
(18)
(18)
(15)
(8)
(6)
(4)
(11)
(7)
(14)
(6)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(27)
(27)
(31)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
0 of 53
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(16)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(14)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(23)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
0 of 785
(1)
(17)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(99)
(2)
(7)
(26)
(147)
(40)
(18)
(8)
(9)
(127)
(2)
0 of 18
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
0 of 191
(16)
(3)
(23)
(43)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(21)
(17)
(14)
(6)
0 of 11
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(36)
(4)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(25)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(12)
(1)
(181)
(82)
(10)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(78)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(19)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 118
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(1)
(44)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(19)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(1)
(24)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(7)
(95)
(2)
(159)
(6)
(14)
(4)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(14)
(6)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 63
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(11)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(2)
(71)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(23)
(1)
(1)
(40)
(1)
(30)
(3)
(63)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(8)
(7)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(36)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(30)
(1)
(10)
(51)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(53)
(4)
(29)
(12)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(37)
(2)
(29)
(6)
(4)
(65)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(5)
(44)
(7)
(83)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(27)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(99)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(151)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(55)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(44)
(2)
(29)
(94)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(24)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(9)
(36)
(1)
(4)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(33)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(6)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(4)
(30)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(15)
(39)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(33)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(112)
(6)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(34)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(136)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(23)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(126)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(14)
(8)
(20)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(36)
(6)
(2)
(7)
(9)
(2)
(30)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(118)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(30)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(26)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(112)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(10)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(14)
(3)
(6)
(4)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(4)
(23)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(35)
(3)
(11)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(36)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(4)
(29)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(23)
(30)
(32)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(14)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(6)
(23)
(4)
(6)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 276
Showing 101 - 120 of 515 results
  • Secondary Sonic Boom Predictions for US Coastlines
    Secondary Sonic Boom Predictions for U.S. Coastlines
    Riegel, Kimberly A ;
    Sparrow, Victor W.
    2022-11-01 | PDF
    This study examines the behavior of secondary sonic booms on United States (U.S.) coastlines to have a more complete understanding of the impact of supersonic travel on communities. Secondary sonic booms occur when the atmospheric conditions are such that the atmospheric refraction causes the sound that would ordinarily not reach the ground to bend ...
  • Enough Fluff Returning to Meaningful Perspectives on Automation
    Enough Fluff: Returning to Meaningful Perspectives on Automation
    Kaliardos, William N (Bill)
    2022-09-01 | PDF
    As society progresses towards increased automation in aviation—such as with Advanced Air Mobility and Unmanned Aircraft Systems—it is important to have a common understanding and perspective about automation among the many stakeholders, including aviation system designers, operators, maintainers, and regulatory authorities. Unfortunately, the disco ...
  • Editorial The Motivations for and the Value Proposition of Sustainable Aviation Fuels
    Editorial: The Motivations for and the Value Proposition of Sustainable Aviation Fuels
    Lewis, Kristin C ;
    Brown, Nathan
    2022-09-01 | PDF
    Editorial on the Research Topic: The motivations for and the value proposition of sustainable aviation fuels.
  • Changes in Ultrafine Particle Concentrations near a Major Airport Following Reduced Transportation Activity during the COVID19 Pandemic
    Changes in Ultrafine Particle Concentrations near a Major Airport Following Reduced Transportation Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Mueller, Sean C ;
    Hudda, Neelakshi
    2022-08-01 | PDF
    Mobility reductions following the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States were higher, and sustained longer, for aviation than ground transportation activity. We evaluate changes in ultrafine particle (UFP, Dp < 100 nm, a marker of fuel combustion emissions) concentrations at a site near Logan Airport (Boston, Massachusetts) in relation to mobility ...
  • Synthetic Aromatic Kerosene Property Prediction Improvements With Isomer Specific Characterization via GCxGC and Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
    Synthetic Aromatic Kerosene Property Prediction Improvements With Isomer Specific Characterization via GCxGC and Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
    Feldhausen, John ;
    Bell, David C
    2022-07-01 | PDF
    This research explores an advanced method of fuel composition determination and builds upon typical hydrocarbon group type analyses performed with two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC). In this study, structural information of individual species within Virent’s Synthetic Aromatic Kerosene (SAK) is identified by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectro ...
  • ATC Signaling The Role of Alarms Alerts and Warnings Phase 3 Interim Report Handbook Development
    ATC Signaling: The Role of Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings Phase 3 Interim Report: Handbook Development
    Ruskin, Keith J ;
    Rice, Stephen
    2022-06-01 | PDF
    The Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic control organization (ATO) encompasses a variety of facilities that include towers, terminal radar approach control facilities (TRACONs), and air route traffic control centers (ARTCCs). Well trained air traffic controllers using effective automation can exploit alarms, alerts and warnings (collectiv ...
  • Dynamics and Bifurcations of Laminar Annular Swirling and NonSwirling Jets
    Dynamics and Bifurcations of Laminar Annular Swirling and Non-Swirling Jets
    Douglas, Christopher M ;
    Emerson, Benjamin
    2022-05-01 | PDF
    This paper presents bifurcation analyses characterising the nonlinear dynamics of fully developed laminar annular jets with respect to the centrebody diameter d, Reynolds number Re, and swirl ratio S. Similar flows appear in numerous applications and feature a vibrant range of topological and dynamical characteristics associated with phenomena incl ...
  • AircraftEngine Particulate Matter Emissions From Conventional and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Combustion Comparison of Measurement Techniques for Mass Number and Size
    Aircraft-Engine Particulate Matter Emissions From Conventional and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Combustion: Comparison of Measurement Techniques for Mass, Number, and Size
    Corbin, Joel C ;
    Schripp, Tobias
    2022-05-01 | PDF
    Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have different compositions compared to conventional petroleum jet fuels, particularly in terms of fuel sulfur and hydrocarbon content. These differences may change the amount and physicochemical properties of volatile and non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emitted by aircraft engines. In this study, we evaluat ...
  • Sensitivities of Aircraft Acoustic Metrics to Engine Design Variables for Multidisciplinary Optimization
    Sensitivities of Aircraft Acoustic Metrics to Engine Design Variables for Multidisciplinary Optimization
    Voet, Laurens J. A. ;
    Prakash, Prashanth
    2022-05-01 | PDF
    Aircraft environmental performance metrics including fuel burn, takeoff and landing noise, and gaseous emissions are increasingly driving the design and optimization of modern aircraft engines. Gradient-based methods can significantly reduce the computational resources required during their multidisciplinary optimizations. However, current state-of ...
  • The Economic Impact of a Renewable BiofuelsEnergy Industry Supply Chain Using the Renewable Energy Economic Analysis Layers Modeling System
    The Economic Impact of a Renewable Biofuels/Energy Industry Supply Chain Using the Renewable Energy Economic Analysis Layers Modeling System
    English, Burton C ;
    Menard, R Jamey
    2022-05-01 | PDF
    The University of Tennessee’s (UT) Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics models supply chains for both liquid and electricity generating technologies currently in use and/or forthcoming for the bio/renewable energy industry using the input–output model IMPLAN®. The approach for ethanol, biodiesel, and other liquid fuels includes the est ...
  • Methodology for Quantifying the Impact of Repurposing Existing Manufacturing Facilities Case Study Using Pulp and Paper Facilities for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production
    Methodology for Quantifying the Impact of Repurposing Existing Manufacturing Facilities: Case Study Using Pulp and Paper Facilities for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production
    Brandt, Kristin ;
    Camenzind, Dane
    2022-04-01 | PDF
    Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is vital for the reduction of the environmental impact of the aviation industry while decreasing the dependence of the USA on foreign petroleum fuels. To date, SAF, especially from cellulosic feedstocks, have struggled to overcome two barriers: (1) meeting price parity with their petroleum counterparts and (2) the la ...
  • Touch User Interfaces in Air Traffic Control Final Guidelines Report with Recommended Updates for the FAA Human Factors Design Standard HFDS FAA HFSTD001B
    Touch User Interfaces in Air Traffic Control: Final Guidelines Report with Recommended Updates for the FAA Human Factors Design Standard (HFDS) [FAA HF-STD-001B]
    Dodd, Sonia ;
    Lubold, Nichola
    2022-03-16 | PDF
    The objective of this effort is to identify human factors issues and generate guidelines and recommendations for updating the FAA Human Factors Design Standard (HFDS) [FAA HF-STD-001B], touch based user-interface (TUI) section. Technical tasks consist of conducting a literature review, a gap analysis with recommendations for future research and a g ...
  • Advanced Fuel Property Data Platform Overview and Potential Applications
    Advanced Fuel Property Data Platform: Overview and Potential Applications
    Blakey, Simon ;
    Rauch, Bastian
    2022-03-01 | PDF
    This report outlines the establishment of distributed databases for management and integration of current and future aviation fuels. Aviation fuel property and performance data has been gathered for many years in public and company specific fuel surveys. These surveys are suitable for use as overall quality control information and for monitoring ch ...
  • Cumulative Impact of Federal and State Policy on Minimum Selling Price of Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    Cumulative Impact of Federal and State Policy on Minimum Selling Price of Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    Brandt, Kristin ;
    Martinez-Valencia, Lina
    2022-03-01 | PDF
    With jet fuel consumption projected to more than double by 2050, dramatic expansion of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) use will be essential to meeting the aviation industry goal of achieving carbon neutrality in the same time frame. However, to date, the SAF price has, in part, been responsible for the lack of widespread adoption signaling the nee ...
  • Impacts of a NearFuture Supersonic Aircraft Fleet on Atmospheric Composition and Climate
    Impacts of a Near-Future Supersonic Aircraft Fleet on Atmospheric Composition and Climate
    Eastham, Sebastian D ;
    Fritz, Thibaud M
    2022-02-01 | PDF
    Supersonic aircraft will have environmental impacts distinct from those of subsonic aviation, and are once again being developed and bought. Assessments of supersonic aircraft emissions impacts over the last decade have focused on the ozone and climate impacts of nitrogen oxides and water vapor, but assumed zero-sulfur fuel, zero black carbon emiss ...
  • Aerosol Formation Pathways from Aviation Emissions
    Aerosol Formation Pathways from Aviation Emissions
    Prashanth, Prakash ;
    Eastham, Sebastian D
    2022-02-01 | PDF
    Aviation emissions are responsible for an estimated 24,000 premature mortalities annually and 3.5% of anthropogenic radiative forcing (RF). Emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NOx and SOx) contribute to these impacts. However, the relative contributions and mechanisms linking these emissions to formation and impacts of secondary aerosols (as o ...
  • Sociodemographic Patterns of Exposure to Civil Aircraft Noise in the United States
    Sociodemographic Patterns of Exposure to Civil Aircraft Noise in the United States
    Simon, Matthew C, ;
    Hart, Jaime E
    2022-02-01 | PDF
    Background: Communities with lower socioeconomic status and higher prevalence of racial/ethnic minority populations are often more exposed to environmental pollutants. Although studies have shown associations between aircraft noise and property values and various health outcomes, little is known about how aircraft noise exposures are sociodemograph ...
  • Relevant Research Assessment Concerning Pilot Response to Unexpected Events Task 2 Relevant Research Assessment
    Relevant Research Assessment Concerning Pilot Response to Unexpected Events. Task 2: Relevant Research Assessment
    Hancock, P. A. ;
    Cruit, Jessica
    2022-02-01 | PDF
    This report provides a review of the existent information pertinent to the response to novel, unexpected, surprising, and/or unanticipated events, primarily focused on the context of aviation. The primary effort here is to identify ways in which to mitigate the brittleness of accepted traditional forms of response and to foster both adaptive and re ...
  • HumanintheLoop Method to Test the Effectiveness of Training Pilot Responses to Unexpected Events Task 4 Training Development Plan
    Human-in-the-Loop Method to Test the Effectiveness of Training Pilot Responses to Unexpected Events. Task 4: Training Development Plan
    Cruit, Jessica ;
    Kochan, Janeen A
    2022-02-01 | PDF
    This report provides a primer as to how to conduct human-in-the-loop (HITL) research in which pilots’ responses to unexpected events can be explored for potential mitigations through training. The results of this effort conclude the following findings and recommendations: Identification of key independent and dependent variables for assessing pilot ...
  • Air Carrier Training Recommendations to Address Limitations of Pilot Procedures during Unexpected Events in NextGen Operations Task 3 Pilot Needs Analysis
    Air Carrier Training Recommendations to Address Limitations of Pilot Procedures during Unexpected Events in NextGen Operations. Task 3: Pilot Needs Analysis
    Cruit, Jessica ;
    Kochan, Janeen A
    2022-02-01 | PDF
    We present the results of a Subject Matter Expert knowledge elicitation study conducted with US Air Carrier pilots, instructor pilots, and evaluators through a semi-structured interview process. The goal of the study was to support or refute the body of research on pilot performance in responding to unexpected events presented in Task 2 from this r ...
101 - 120 / 515