Schwartz, E. (2026). No Such Thing as Free Parking: Construction Costs in 17 U.S. Cities. University of California, Los Angeles. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89105
Schwartz, Ellen. No Such Thing as Free Parking: Construction Costs in 17 U.S. Cities. University of California, Los Angeles, 2026. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89105.
Schwartz, Ellen No Such Thing as Free Parking: Construction Costs in 17 U.S. Cities. University of California, Los Angeles, 2026, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89105.
Across the United States, city zoning rules require a minimum number of parking spaces for every type of building, obligating anyone building new housing or commercial space to also expand the city’s parking supply. Researchers have frequently argued that these mandates are arbitrary, unscientific and one-size-fits-all, and that they work against many urban policy goals, creating a range of costs that go beyond the spaces themselves. Parking requirements can foster a car-dependent transportation system, increase traffic and pollution, degrade urban design, and reduce walkability. Of particular concern for this report, however, is a more straightforward concern: because parking can be expensive to provide, minimum parking requirements also dramatically increase the cost of building new homes or opening a new business.
Schwartz, E. (2026). No Such Thing as Free Parking: Construction Costs in 17 U.S. Cities. University of California, Los Angeles. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89105
Schwartz, Ellen. No Such Thing as Free Parking: Construction Costs in 17 U.S. Cities. University of California, Los Angeles, 2026. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89105.
Schwartz, Ellen No Such Thing as Free Parking: Construction Costs in 17 U.S. Cities. University of California, Los Angeles, 2026, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89105.
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