United States Department of Transportation
i
Evaluation of Lithium Battery Thermal Runaway Vent Gas Combustion
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2022-06-01
[PDF-828.71 KB]
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Abstract:This research seeks to support the United Nations (UN) Subcommittee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (SCOE TDG) establish a more performance-based approach to classifying the various types of lithium-ion batteries for transportation. A proposed standardized test method was used to assess the combustion hazard from a lithium-ion battery that has undergone thermal runaway. Lithium cobalt oxide pouch cells (3.7 V, 4.8 Ah) and cylindrical cells (3.7 V, 2.6 Ah) were tested at various states of charge (SOCs) and heating rates. The cells were individually heated to induce thermal runaway inside of a pressure vessel, resulting in a venting of gases. The vent gases were analyzed for their constituent’s volume, overall gas volume, and combustion energy. Key findings are as follows: • The vent gas volume and combustion energy increased linearly with SOC for the pouch and cylindrical cells. • The top three constituents as a percentage of the vent gas by volume across all SOCs and heating rates for the pouch and cylindrical cells were carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. • The vent gas volume and combustion energy increased with the heating rate for the pouch and cylindrical cells. • When comparing cells heated at 20 °C/min to cells heated at 5 °C/min, across the tested SOCs, the pouch cells released an average of 14.1% more vent gas and had an average of 34.4% greater combustion energy, the cylindrical released an average of 7.2% more vent gas and had an average of 13.0% greater combustion energy. This data suggests that the heating rate should be standardized for lithium battery combustion hazard analysis.
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