United States Department of Transportation
i
Li-Ion Battery Propagation Trigger Technique Development/Igniter Development
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2020-02-01
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[PDF-2.55 MB]
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Edition:Interim Report
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Abstract:This interim report for single-cell thermal runaway initiator activities performed at Sandia National Laboratories looks at novel initiation methods applied to initiate or simulate failure of a single-cell test. Specifically, it explores first initiation with a high-intensity, undirected quartz lamp. This successfully initiated thermal runaway in pouch cells. However, energy input to the cell was needed and this method was found to only be applicable with the large face of prismatic and pouch cells, limiting the convenience of the technique. As increasingly complex lithium-ion systems are used, concern has arisen surrounding thermal runaway propagation, specifically that a random field failure of a single cell could cause cascading failure of other nearby, otherwise healthy, batteries that ultimately consumes a significant portion of the system. Testing to date has largely focused on single-cell initiation using traditional abuse test methods. However, these methods raise concerns either with the amount of impact to the overall system, or the difficulty in performing the test in a pack outside of a research and development setting. Testing was also performed to develop a contained thermite test device. Commercial thermite materials tested at NSWC Carderock successfully initiated thermal runaway within a single cell. However, to limit impact to the surrounding system, a contained testing device is desired. For this reason, pellets were compacted inside tungsten crucibles and tested to obtain the desired containment and thermite reaction. However, to date no crucibles tested have could fully contain the thermite reaction, making this technique difficult outside of specialized testing laboratories. Ongoing work will make a final determination of the feasibility of a sealed thermite test device. Proof-of-concept testing with a near IR pulse laser was also performed, successfully initiating failure in pouch and cylindrical cells with a minimal energy input.
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