By leveraging advanced technologies, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) hold the potential to increase transportation safety and efficiency. This collection showcases USDOT-funded research and data concerning AVs. Bookmark this collection: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_avs OR https://doi.org/10.21949/1x81-qs91.
This report examines the feasibility of transferring 13 current automated systems technologies from light-duty vehicles and commercial trucks to 40-ft diesel transit buses. It explores the associated technical and safety challenges of implementing those systems in transit buses and ways to overcome some of the identified barriers to implementation.
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Nasser, A., Brewer, J., Najm, W., & Cregger, J. (2018). Transit Bus Automation Project: Transferability of Automation Technologies Final Report (Report No. FTA Report No. 0125;DOT-VNTSC-FTA-18-02). United States. Federal Transit Administration. Office of Research, Demonstration, and Innovation. https://doi.org/10.21949/1503618
Nasser, Ahmad, John Brewer, Wassim Najm, and Joshua Cregger. Transit Bus Automation Project: Transferability of Automation Technologies Final Report. Report no. FTA Report No. 0125;DOT-VNTSC-FTA-18-02. United States. Federal Transit Administration. Office of Research, Demonstration, and Innovation, 2018. https://doi.org/10.21949/1503618.
Nasser, Ahmad, et al. Transit Bus Automation Project: Transferability of Automation Technologies Final Report. United States. Federal Transit Administration. Office of Research, Demonstration, and Innovation, 2018, Report no. FTA Report No. 0125;DOT-VNTSC-FTA-18-02, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.21949/1503618.
This study builds on prior work to characterize the environment in which automotive radars must operate, especially as systems with greater autonomy enter the market. Systems that operate well in environments without other radars may suffer significant degradation of performance in radar-congested environments. The results of this research provide
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Buller, W., Wilson, B., Garbarino, J., Kelly, J., Thelen, B., & Belzowski, B. M. (2018). Radar Congestion Study (Report No. DOT HS 812 632). United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38820
Buller, William, Brian Wilson, Joseph Garbarino, Jack Kelly, Brian Thelen, and Bruce M. Belzowski. Radar Congestion Study. Report no. DOT HS 812 632. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38820.
Buller, William, et al. Radar Congestion Study. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018, Report no. DOT HS 812 632, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38820.
Surveys of behavior could benefit from information about people’s relative ranking of choice alternatives. Rank ordered data are often collected in stated preference surveys where respondents are asked to rank hypothetical alternatives (rather than choose a single alternative) to better understand their relative preferences. Despite the widespread
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Nair, G. S., Astroza, S., Bhat, C. R., Khoeini, S., & Pendyala, R. M. (2018). An Application of a Rank Ordered Probit Modeling Approach to Understanding Level of Interest in Autonomous Vehicles (Report No. D-STOP/2018/148). University of Texas at Austin. Data-Supported Transportation Operations & Planning Center (D-STOP). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66296
Nair, Gopindra S, Sebastian Astroza, Chandra R. Bhat, Sara Khoeini, and Ram M. Pendyala. An Application of a Rank Ordered Probit Modeling Approach to Understanding Level of Interest in Autonomous Vehicles. Report no. D-STOP/2018/148. University of Texas at Austin. Data-Supported Transportation Operations & Planning Center (D-STOP), 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66296.
Nair, Gopindra S, et al. An Application of a Rank Ordered Probit Modeling Approach to Understanding Level of Interest in Autonomous Vehicles. University of Texas at Austin. Data-Supported Transportation Operations & Planning Center (D-STOP), 2018, Report no. D-STOP/2018/148, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66296.
The research intends to systematically develop a VSL control framework in a CAV environment, in which the V2V, V2I, I2V, and platooning technologies are integrated with the VSL control. In addition, mixed traffic flows (including trucks and cars) are taken into account in the developed VSL control models. The policies (such as left-lane truck restr
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Fan, W. (., & Yu, M. (2018). Optimal Variable Speed Limit Control for the Mixed Traffic Flows in a Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Environment (Report No. CAMMSE 2018 Project 05). University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62440
Fan, Wei (David) and Miao Yu. Optimal Variable Speed Limit Control for the Mixed Traffic Flows in a Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Environment. Report no. CAMMSE 2018 Project 05. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62440.
Fan, Wei (David), and Miao Yu Optimal Variable Speed Limit Control for the Mixed Traffic Flows in a Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Environment. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education, 2018, Report no. CAMMSE 2018 Project 05, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62440.
This report describes a framework for establishing sample preliminary tests for Automated Driving Systems. The focus is on light duty vehicles exhibiting higher levels of automation, where the system is required to perform the full dynamic driving task, including lateral and longitudinal control, as well as object and event detection and response.
Thorn, E., Kimmel, S. C., & Chaka, M. (2018). A Framework for Automated Driving System Testable Cases and Scenarios (Report No. DOT HS 812 623). United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38824
Thorn, Eric, Shawn C. Kimmel, and Michelle Chaka. A Framework for Automated Driving System Testable Cases and Scenarios. Report no. DOT HS 812 623. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38824.
Thorn, Eric, et al. A Framework for Automated Driving System Testable Cases and Scenarios. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018, Report no. DOT HS 812 623, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38824.
This report documents the work completed by the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners LLC (CAMP) Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Consortium during the fourth year of the “Development of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications (V2I) Program.” Participating companies in the V2I Consortium during this period were Ford, General Motors, Hyundai-Kia, Honda, Ma
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Shulman, M., & Geisler, S. (2018). Development of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications Program: Fourth Annual Report (Report No. FHWA-JPO-18-704). United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37396
Shulman, M. and Scott Geisler. Development of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications Program: Fourth Annual Report. Report no. FHWA-JPO-18-704. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37396.
Shulman, M., and Scott Geisler Development of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Applications Program: Fourth Annual Report. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2018, Report no. FHWA-JPO-18-704, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37396.
Task 3-C in Phase 3 of the Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program Cooperative Agreement calls for a Stakeholder Outreach activity that includes an interoperability activity showing successful interaction between the local Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment site and in-vehicle devices from one or more other Connected Vehicle Pilot site. The US D
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Anderson, J., Schneeberger, J., Chang, J., Jacobi, A., & Hailemariam, M. (2018). Connected Vehicle Pilots Phase 2 Interoperability Test: Test Plan (Report No. FHWA-JPO-18-691). United States. Department of Transportation. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36715
Anderson, Justin, J.D. Schneeberger, James Chang, Amy Jacobi, and Margaret Hailemariam. Connected Vehicle Pilots Phase 2 Interoperability Test: Test Plan. Report no. FHWA-JPO-18-691. United States. Department of Transportation. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36715.
Anderson, Justin, et al. Connected Vehicle Pilots Phase 2 Interoperability Test: Test Plan. United States. Department of Transportation. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, 2018, Report no. FHWA-JPO-18-691, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36715.
This research project addresses a series of issues relating to autonomous vehicle adoption, the potential impact of temporal instability (with an application to vehicle safety), and the role of social learning processes as they relate to future travel behavior. The report of research results begins with a study of the effect shared autonomous vehic
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Mannering, F., Maness, M., Pinjari, A., Zhang, Y., Balusu, S., Barbour, N., Menon, N., Sheela, P. V., & Tahlyan, D. (2018). Investigation of the Role of Attitudinal Factors on the Adoption of Emerging Automated Vehicle and Vehicle Safety Technologies. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62803
Mannering, Fred, Michael Maness, Abdul Pinjari, Yu Zhang, Suryaprasanna Balusu, Natalia Barbour, Nikhil Menon, Parvathy Vinod Sheela, and Divyakant Tahlyan. Investigation of the Role of Attitudinal Factors on the Adoption of Emerging Automated Vehicle and Vehicle Safety Technologies. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62803.
Mannering, Fred, et al. Investigation of the Role of Attitudinal Factors on the Adoption of Emerging Automated Vehicle and Vehicle Safety Technologies. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62803.
This report describes the research effort to assess the functional safety of electric power steering (EPS) systems. This study also considers the additional active steering and four-wheel steering features, which are incorporated into some EPS systems. This study follows the Concept Phase process in the ISO 26262 standard and applies hazard and ope
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Becker, C., Nasser, A., Attioui, F., Arthur, D., Moy, A., & Brewer, J. (2018). Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Electric Power Steering System With Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Features (Report No. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-16-02). United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37209
Becker, Christopher, Ahmad Nasser, Fouad Attioui, David Arthur, Andy Moy, and John Brewer. Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Electric Power Steering System With Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Features. Report no. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-16-02. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37209.
Becker, Christopher, et al. Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Electric Power Steering System With Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Features. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018, Report no. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-16-02, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37209.
Disruptive transportation technologies such as autonomous vehicles and mobility-on-demand services are bringing transformative changes in the urban area. To enhance our understanding of various impacts of these new mobility options on travel behavior and relative consequences, people’s attitudes towards and perceptions of these technologies and ser
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Khoeini, S., Pendyala, R. M., da Silva, D. C., Lee, Y., Dias, F., Salon, D., Circella, G., & Maness, M. (2018). Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68114
Khoeini, Sara, Ram M. Pendyala, Denise Capasso da Silva, Youngsung Lee, Felipe Dias, Deborah Salon, Giovanni Circella, and Michael Maness. Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68114.
Khoeini, Sara, et al. Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68114.
Disruptive transportation technologies such as autonomous vehicles and mobility-on-demand services are bringing transformative changes in the urban area. To enhance our understanding of various impacts of these new mobility options on travel behavior and relative consequences, people’s attitudes towards and perceptions of these technologies and ser
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Khoeini, S., Pendyala, R. M., da Silva, D. C., Dias, F., Lee, Y., Salon, D., Circella, G., & Maness, M. (2018). Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68116
Khoeini, Sara, Ram M. Pendyala, Denise Capasso da Silva, Felipe Dias, Youngsung Lee, Deborah Salon, Giovanni Circella, and Michael Maness. Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68116.
Khoeini, Sara, et al. Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68116.
Disruptive transportation technologies such as autonomous vehicles and mobility-on-demand services are bringing transformative changes in the urban area. To enhance our understanding of various impacts of these new mobility options on travel behavior and relative consequences, people’s attitudes towards and perceptions of these technologies and ser
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Khoeini, S., da Silva, D. C., Pendyala, R. M., Lee, Y., Dias, F., Salon, D., Circella, G., & Maness, M. (2018). Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68115
Khoeini, Sara, Denise Capasso da Silva, Ram M. Pendyala, Youngsung Lee, Felipe Dias, Deborah Salon, Giovanni Circella, and Michael Maness. Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68115.
Khoeini, Sara, et al. Attitudes towards Emerging Mobility Options and Technologies – Phase 1: Survey Design. Center for Teaching Old Models New Tricks (TOMNET), 2018, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68115.
This report describes the research assessing the functional safety of foundational steering systems, specifically, steer-by-wire (SbW) systems. This study also considers the additional active steering and four-wheel steering features, which could potentially be incorporated into some SbW systems. This study follows the Concept Phase process in the
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Becker, C., Brewer, J., Arthur, D., Attioui, F., & Yount, L. (2018). Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Steer-by-Wire Steering System With Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Features (Report No. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-16-06). United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37208
Becker, Christopher, John Brewer, David Arthur, Fouad Attioui, and Larry Yount. Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Steer-by-Wire Steering System With Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Features. Report no. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-16-06. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37208.
Becker, Christopher, et al. Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Steer-by-Wire Steering System With Active Steering and Four-Wheel Steering Features. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018, Report no. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-16-06, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37208.
This report describes research to assess the functional safety of a generic automated lane centering (ALC) system and three related foundational systems --electric power steering (EPS), steer-by-wire (SbW), and conventional hydraulic braking (CHB). ALC systems are a key technology that supports vehicle automation by providing continuous lateral con
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Brewer, J., Becker, C., Pollard, J., & Yount, L. (2018). Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Automated Lane Centering System and Related Foundational Vehicle Systems (Report No. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-17-01). United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37076
Brewer, John, Christopher Becker, John Pollard, and Larry Yount. Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Automated Lane Centering System and Related Foundational Vehicle Systems. Report no. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-17-01. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37076.
Brewer, John, et al. Functional Safety Assessment of a Generic Automated Lane Centering System and Related Foundational Vehicle Systems. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2018, Report no. DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-17-01, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37076.
$2.6 trillion (over 5% of global GDP) lost annually due to collusion, corruption, and fraud. Impacts: reduced funds for development; lower quality of life; increased poverty; erosion of trust social contract between societies and governments. The World Bank considers corruption as a main challenge to its institutional goals of ending extreme povert
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Ghahari, S., Alinizzi, M., Ghotbi, S., & Labi, S. (2018). Leveraging Advanced Technologies for Fighting Corruption in Infrastructure Project Delivery. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. Purdue University. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481530
Ghahari, SeyedAli, Majed Alinizzi, Shabnam Ghotbi, and Samuel Labi. Leveraging Advanced Technologies for Fighting Corruption in Infrastructure Project Delivery. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. Purdue University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481530.
Ghahari, SeyedAli, et al. Leveraging Advanced Technologies for Fighting Corruption in Infrastructure Project Delivery. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. Purdue University, 2018, ROSA P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481530.
The results and conclusions of an initial experiment that examined human-factors issues in the use of adaptive cruise control (ACC) and a hypothetical cooperative ACC (CACC) in which ACC supplemented with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications to extend ACC capabilities. In this driving simulator–based experiment, the CACC system was modeled to ac
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Inman, V. W., Jackson, S., & Chou, P. (2018). Driver Acceptance of Connected, Automation-Assisted Cruise Control : Experiment 1 (Report No. FHWA-HRT-18-041). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety Research and Development. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37529
Inman, Vaughan W., Steven Jackson, and Peter Chou. Driver Acceptance of Connected, Automation-Assisted Cruise Control : Experiment 1. Report no. FHWA-HRT-18-041. United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety Research and Development, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37529.
Inman, Vaughan W., et al. Driver Acceptance of Connected, Automation-Assisted Cruise Control : Experiment 1. United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety Research and Development, 2018, Report no. FHWA-HRT-18-041, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/37529.
This paper presents a mesoscopic stochastic model for the reconstruction of vehicle trajectories from data made available by subsets of (probe) vehicles. Long-range vehicle interactions are applied in a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process to capture information made available to connected and autonomous vehicles. The dynamics are represente
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Dilip, D. M., Lin, D., & Jabari, S. E. (2018). Learning Traffic Flow Dynamics Using Random Fields. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART). https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08764
Dilip, Deepthi Mary, DianChao Lin, and Saif Eddin Jabari. Learning Traffic Flow Dynamics Using Random Fields. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2018. https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08764.
Dilip, Deepthi Mary, et al. Learning Traffic Flow Dynamics Using Random Fields. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2018, ROSA P. https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08764.
Drivers have poor conceptual understanding of new adaptive driver safety systems (ADAS) such as adaptive cruise control (ACC). When using advanced safety systems, older drivers tend to be more open to learning through reading manuals, but also tend to struggle with learning the uses and limitations of a safety system. Different instructional format
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DeVane, B., Moore, J., Brown, T. L., Miller, B., & Dietmeier, J. (2018). Models of Driving: Simulator Assessment of Adaptive Cruise Control Conceptual Understanding. Safety Research Using Simulation (SAFER-SIM) University Transportation Center. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36627
DeVane, Benjamin, Joyce Moore, Timothy L. Brown, Benjamin Miller, and Jeremy Dietmeier. Models of Driving: Simulator Assessment of Adaptive Cruise Control Conceptual Understanding. Safety Research Using Simulation (SAFER-SIM) University Transportation Center, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36627.
DeVane, Benjamin, et al. Models of Driving: Simulator Assessment of Adaptive Cruise Control Conceptual Understanding. Safety Research Using Simulation (SAFER-SIM) University Transportation Center, 2018, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36627.
To better prepare for the operations of an automated shuttle bus in mixed general traffic and in Minnesota cold weather climate conditions, MnDOT is conducting an Autonomous Bus Pilot project. The purpose of the proposed Minnesota Autonomous Bus Pilot project is to define an automated vehicle pilot and solicit technology partners to come to Minneso
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Borgen, J., & Taavola, D. (2018). MnDOT Autonomous Bus Pilot Project Testing and Demonstration Summary (Report No. MN/RC 2019-04). Minnesota. Department of Transportation. Research Services & Library. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62752
Borgen, Janelle and Daryl Taavola. MnDOT Autonomous Bus Pilot Project Testing and Demonstration Summary. Report no. MN/RC 2019-04. Minnesota. Department of Transportation. Research Services & Library, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62752.
Borgen, Janelle, and Daryl Taavola MnDOT Autonomous Bus Pilot Project Testing and Demonstration Summary. Minnesota. Department of Transportation. Research Services & Library, 2018, Report no. MN/RC 2019-04, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/62752.
Jing Dong (orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-8430); Liang Hu (orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-8542);Chaoru Lu (orcid.org/0000-0001-8418-7658);Connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technologies are likely to be gradually implemented over time and in a traffic environment consisting of a significant share of alternative fuel vehicles, such as flexible-fuel, plug-in
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Supporting Files
Dong, J., Lu, C., & Hu, L. (2018). Estimating Energy Efficiency of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in a Mixed Fleet (Report No. IHRB Project TR-708D). University of Iowa. Center for Transportation Research and Education. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36110
Dong, Jing, Chaoru Lu, and Liang Hu. Estimating Energy Efficiency of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in a Mixed Fleet. Report no. IHRB Project TR-708D. University of Iowa. Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2018. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36110.
Dong, Jing, et al. Estimating Energy Efficiency of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in a Mixed Fleet. University of Iowa. Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2018, Report no. IHRB Project TR-708D, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36110.
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