By leveraging advanced technologies, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) hold the potential to increase transportation safety and efficiency. This collection showcases USDOT-funded research and data concerning AVs. Bookmark this collection: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_avs OR https://doi.org/10.21949/1x81-qs91.
"The Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas-Austin recently completed a project that compared automated vehicle performance and human driving behavior in several virtual highway and urban environment scenarios. The research team then analyzed the safety, mobility, and human-factors results to draw conclusions and formulate te
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Supporting Files
Martin, D., West, K. D., Chin, K., & Ma, J. (2023). Defining Operational Design Domains for the Safe Blending of CAVs in the Traffic Stream: Project 0-7033 [Video]. University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/79819
Martin, David, Kelly D West, Kristie Chin, and Jianming Ma. Defining Operational Design Domains for the Safe Blending of CAVs in the Traffic Stream: Project 0-7033 [Video]. University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research, 2023. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/79819.
Martin, David, et al. Defining Operational Design Domains for the Safe Blending of CAVs in the Traffic Stream: Project 0-7033 [Video]. University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research, 2023, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/79819.
This project assesses how Texas roadway and parking infrastructure should evolve as connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) gain market share, using behavioral-diffusion insights to frame adoption scenarios. Researchers combined literature synthesis with expert questionnaires/interviews, analysis of AV disengagement reports, and PTV Vissim microsim
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Kumar, A., Dessouky, S., Sharif, H., Weissmann, J., Harinath, P. V., Bhandari, R., & Kalapurayil, H. K. M. (2023). Develop Roadway and Parking Design Criteria To Accommodate Automated and Autonomous Vehicles (Report No. FHWA/TX-23/0-7080-1). Texas Department of Transportation. Research and Technology Implementation Office. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84675
Kumar, Amit, Samer Dessouky, Hatim Sharif, Jose Weissmann, Pradeep Viyaluru Harinath, Royal Bhandari, and Hari Krishnan M Kalapurayil. Develop Roadway and Parking Design Criteria To Accommodate Automated and Autonomous Vehicles. Report no. FHWA/TX-23/0-7080-1. Texas Department of Transportation. Research and Technology Implementation Office, 2023. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84675.
Kumar, Amit, et al. Develop Roadway and Parking Design Criteria To Accommodate Automated and Autonomous Vehicles. Texas Department of Transportation. Research and Technology Implementation Office, 2023, Report no. FHWA/TX-23/0-7080-1, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84675.
With the expected arrival of autonomous vehicles, and the ever-increasing levels of automation in today’s human driven vehicles, road safety is changing at a rapid pace. This project aimed to address the need for an efficient and rapid method of safety evaluation and countermeasure identification via traffic encounters, specifically traffic conflic
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Tarko, A. P., Romero, M. A., Bandaru, V. K., & Shi, X. (2023). Guidelines for Evaluating Safety Using Traffic Encounters: Proactive Crash Estimation on Roadways with Conventional and Autonomous Vehicle Scenarios (Report No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2023/02). Purdue University. Joint Transportation Research Program. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284317587
Tarko, Andrew P., Mario A. Romero, Vamsi Krishna Bandaru, and Xueqian Shi. Guidelines for Evaluating Safety Using Traffic Encounters: Proactive Crash Estimation on Roadways with Conventional and Autonomous Vehicle Scenarios. Report no. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2023/02. Purdue University. Joint Transportation Research Program, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284317587.
Tarko, Andrew P., et al. Guidelines for Evaluating Safety Using Traffic Encounters: Proactive Crash Estimation on Roadways with Conventional and Autonomous Vehicle Scenarios. Purdue University. Joint Transportation Research Program, 2023, Report no. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2023/02, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284317587.
The development of Autonomous vehicles (AVs) has brought many opportunities but implementing AV-based public transportation services has numerous unforeseen issues. One primary research gap is that existing studies on AV transit systems consist of predictions and speculation without actual cases and data support. Another issue is that a measurement
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Peng, Z. R., Liu, Y., & Lu, K. (2023). Examining Data Needs and Implementation Process of AV-Based Microtransit Service: A Case Study in Lake Nona. Florida Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/74775
Peng, Zhong-Ren, Yanghe Liu, and Kaifa Lu. Examining Data Needs and Implementation Process of AV-Based Microtransit Service: A Case Study in Lake Nona. Florida Department of Transportation, 2023. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/74775.
Peng, Zhong-Ren, et al. Examining Data Needs and Implementation Process of AV-Based Microtransit Service: A Case Study in Lake Nona. Florida Department of Transportation, 2023, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/74775.
Traffic simulation is an important tool that can assist researchers, analysts, and policymakers in testing vehicle/traffic control algorithms, gaining insights into micro/macro traffic dynamics, and designing traffic management strategies. However, different implementations require different simulation scales, and no multiscale simulation platform
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Ban, J., Angah, O., Zhang, Y., & Guo, Q. (2022). A Multiscale Simulation Platform for Connected and Automated Transportation Systems. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67308
Ban, Jeff, Ohay Angah, Yiran Zhang, and Qiangqiang Guo. A Multiscale Simulation Platform for Connected and Automated Transportation Systems. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67308.
Ban, Jeff, et al. A Multiscale Simulation Platform for Connected and Automated Transportation Systems. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2022, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67308.
Shared-use mobility services such as ride sourcing, bike sharing, and carsharing have been introduced in a few rural communities and a fair number of small-urban communities. Input about the interest and potential willingness to use these services, and adoption of various emerging vehicle technologies, could help improve understanding and planning
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Godavarthy, R., & Hough, J. (2022). Interest of Shared Mobility and Emerging Vehicle Technologies in Rural America (Report No. SURTCOM 22-15). Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65991
Godavarthy, Ranjit and Jill Hough. Interest of Shared Mobility and Emerging Vehicle Technologies in Rural America. Report no. SURTCOM 22-15. Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65991.
Godavarthy, Ranjit, and Jill Hough Interest of Shared Mobility and Emerging Vehicle Technologies in Rural America. Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, 2022, Report no. SURTCOM 22-15, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65991.
An EasyMile EZ10 low speed autonomous vehicle (LSAV) was deployed on a route between the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute campus and a nearby bus transit stop to study prospective user attitudes and acceptance regarding trust in technology, system safety, and personal security. The LSAV operated on this route within normal travel lanes and in
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Grove, K., Alden, A., & Druta, C. (2022). Automated Last Mile Connectivity for Vulnerable Road Users – Real-world Low Speed Autonomous Vehicle Deployment (Report No. CATM-2022-R8-VTTI). North Carolina A&T Sate University. Transportation Institute. Center For Advanced Transportation Mobility. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66410
Grove, Kevin, Andy Alden, and Cristian Druta. Automated Last Mile Connectivity for Vulnerable Road Users – Real-world Low Speed Autonomous Vehicle Deployment. Report no. CATM-2022-R8-VTTI. North Carolina A&T Sate University. Transportation Institute. Center For Advanced Transportation Mobility, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66410.
Grove, Kevin, et al. Automated Last Mile Connectivity for Vulnerable Road Users – Real-world Low Speed Autonomous Vehicle Deployment. North Carolina A&T Sate University. Transportation Institute. Center For Advanced Transportation Mobility, 2022, Report no. CATM-2022-R8-VTTI, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66410.
Autonomous vehicles have a huge potential to improve transportation systems by increasing roadway capacity, safety, accessibility and reducing pollution, congestion. This emerging technology promises safer, efficient roadways and can help reduce pollution. For the various levels of autonomy to be deployed into the real world safely and efficiently,
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Anne, V. S. R., Tenenboim, E., & Peeta, S. (2022). Using Driving Simulator Environment to Determine Interactions Between User Behavior and Infrastructure Design Under Autonomous Vehicles (Report No. CCAT Report #39). University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317647
Anne, Viswa Sri Rupa, Einat Tenenboim, and Srinivas Peeta. Using Driving Simulator Environment to Determine Interactions Between User Behavior and Infrastructure Design Under Autonomous Vehicles. Report no. CCAT Report #39. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317647.
Anne, Viswa Sri Rupa, et al. Using Driving Simulator Environment to Determine Interactions Between User Behavior and Infrastructure Design Under Autonomous Vehicles. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2022, Report no. CCAT Report #39, ROSA P. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317647.
Intersections in the urban network are potential sources of traffic flow inefficiency. Existing intersection control mostly adopts the “cross” flow pattern model, while the use of the roundabout circular flow pattern is rather sparse. Connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technologies can enable roundabouts to better compete with traditional inter
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Wang, C., Tenenboim, E., & Peeta, S. (2022). Adapting Land Use and Infrastructure for Automated Driving (Report No. 69A3551747105). University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317645
Wang, Chaojie, Einat Tenenboim, and Srinivas Peeta. Adapting Land Use and Infrastructure for Automated Driving. Report no. 69A3551747105. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317645.
Wang, Chaojie, et al. Adapting Land Use and Infrastructure for Automated Driving. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2022, Report no. 69A3551747105, ROSA P. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317645.
The Texas Connected Freight Corridors (TCFC) system is a connected vehicle (CV) environment that seeks to improve safety and mobility for the Texas Triangle, which consists of the Austin, Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio, and Laredo metropolitan regions. The TCFC project is a baseline effort to develop and deliver six initial applications fo
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Wood, N., Anderson, P. R., Le, M., Middleton, D., & Saylor, R. (2022). Potential Applications to Expand the Texas Connected Freight Corridors System (Report No. FHWA/TX-23/0-7125-R1). Texas A&M Transportation Institute. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65824
Wood, Nick, Paul R. Anderson, Minh Le, Dan Middleton, and Robert Saylor. Potential Applications to Expand the Texas Connected Freight Corridors System. Report no. FHWA/TX-23/0-7125-R1. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65824.
Wood, Nick, et al. Potential Applications to Expand the Texas Connected Freight Corridors System. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 2022, Report no. FHWA/TX-23/0-7125-R1, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65824.
The gap distances used on adaptive cruise control (ACC) and cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) systems have important implications for both driver safety and transportation operations The current study sought to identify comfortable or preferred following gaps under a variety of speeds that could be used to help guide set speeds for ACC and
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Weaver, S., Chao, S. F., Jannat, M., & Philips, B. H. (2022). Preferred Following Distance as a Function of Speed—Function-Specific Automation (Level 1) Applications (Report No. FHWA-HRT-22-107). United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Operations Research and Development. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66350
Weaver, Starla, Szu-Fu Chao, Mafruhatul Jannat, and Brian H. Philips. Preferred Following Distance as a Function of Speed—Function-Specific Automation (Level 1) Applications. Report no. FHWA-HRT-22-107. United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Operations Research and Development, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66350.
Weaver, Starla, et al. Preferred Following Distance as a Function of Speed—Function-Specific Automation (Level 1) Applications. United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Operations Research and Development, 2022, Report no. FHWA-HRT-22-107, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66350.
The last century has witnessed increased urban sprawl, motorization, and the attendant problems of congestion, safety, and emissions associated with current-day transportation systems. In contemporary literature, researchers suggest that the emerging transportation technologies, including vehicle autonomy and connectivity, offer great promise in he
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Seilabi, S. E., Pourgholamali, M., Wang, J., Miralinaghi, M., Sundaram, S., & Labi, S. (2022). Lane Management in the Era of CAV Deployment. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317659
Seilabi, Sania E, Mohammadhosein Pourgholamali, Jiaming Wang, Mohammad Miralinaghi, Shreyas Sundaram, and Samuel Labi. Lane Management in the Era of CAV Deployment. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317659.
Seilabi, Sania E, et al. Lane Management in the Era of CAV Deployment. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2022, ROSA P. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317659.
To predict if the “social distancing” nature and resulting shifts in behavior from the pandemic continued to persist after the pandemic ended, this work examined preferences and behaviors towards shared mobility during different stages of the pandemic. Although levels of comfort using shared modes improved since the summer of 2021, participants sti
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Watkins, K., Hunter, M. P., Kiriazes, R., & Saracco, M. (2022). Enabling the Shared Transportation Revolution (Report No. STRIDE Project Q2). Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72871
Watkins, Kari, Michael P. Hunter, Rebecca Kiriazes, and Matteo Saracco. Enabling the Shared Transportation Revolution. Report no. STRIDE Project Q2. Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72871.
Watkins, Kari, et al. Enabling the Shared Transportation Revolution. Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE), 2022, Report no. STRIDE Project Q2, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72871.
Automated shuttles are small, low-speed (generally less than 25 mph) vehicles that do not require a human operator, though to date all have included an onboard human attendant. This project aims to assess the limitations that the EasyMile EZ10 Gen 3 low-speed automated vehicle (LSAV) encountered while operating on public roadways. The primary inter
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Hong, Y., Klauer, S. G., Mollenhauer, M., Talledo Vilela, J. P., Goodall, N., & Fontaine, M. D. (2022). Evaluation Tools for Low-Speed Automated Vehicle (LSAV) Transit Readiness of the Area (Report No. VTTI-05-113). Safety through Disruption (Safe-D) University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67065
Hong, Yubin, Sheila G Klauer, Mike Mollenhauer, Jean Paul Talledo Vilela, Noah Goodall, and Michael D. Fontaine. Evaluation Tools for Low-Speed Automated Vehicle (LSAV) Transit Readiness of the Area. Report no. VTTI-05-113. Safety through Disruption (Safe-D) University Transportation Center (UTC), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67065.
Hong, Yubin, et al. Evaluation Tools for Low-Speed Automated Vehicle (LSAV) Transit Readiness of the Area. Safety through Disruption (Safe-D) University Transportation Center (UTC), 2022, Report no. VTTI-05-113, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67065.
Deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) may hold health and safety benefits for drivers with and without disabilities across the adult lifespan. While transportation is critical in helping people with disabilities (PWDs) access health care, services, jobs, goods, community involvement, and societal participation, the current transportation system h
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Classen, S., Sisiopiku, V., Mason, J., Stetten, N. E., Yang, W., Hwangbo, S. W., McKinney, B., & Kwan, J. (2022). Barriers and Facilitators of People With Disabilities in Accepting and Adopting Autonomous Shared Mobility Services (Report No. STRIDE Project A5). Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72844
Classen, Sherrilene, Virginia Sisiopiku, Justin Mason, Nicole E Stetten, Wencui Yang, Seung-Woo Hwangbo, Brandy McKinney, and Joseph Kwan. Barriers and Facilitators of People With Disabilities in Accepting and Adopting Autonomous Shared Mobility Services. Report no. STRIDE Project A5. Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72844.
Classen, Sherrilene, et al. Barriers and Facilitators of People With Disabilities in Accepting and Adopting Autonomous Shared Mobility Services. Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE), 2022, Report no. STRIDE Project A5, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72844.
This report documents the Comprehensive Deployment Plan of the Truck Platooning Early Deployment Assessment Phase 2 project. It includes important aspects of the Field Operational Test (FOT): (a) technical approach for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) including system functionality and some initial relevant functional safety consideration
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Lu, X. Y., Shladover, S., Liu, H., Wang, P., Huey, R., & McKeever, B. B. (2022). Truck Platooning Early Deployment Assessment: Phase 2 Comprehensive Deployment Plan (Report No. FHWA-JPO-22-986). United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66285
Lu, Xiao-Yun, Steven Shladover, Hao Liu, Peggy Wang, Rick Huey, and Benjamin B. McKeever. Truck Platooning Early Deployment Assessment: Phase 2 Comprehensive Deployment Plan. Report no. FHWA-JPO-22-986. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66285.
Lu, Xiao-Yun, et al. Truck Platooning Early Deployment Assessment: Phase 2 Comprehensive Deployment Plan. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2022, Report no. FHWA-JPO-22-986, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66285.
Visual place recognition (VPR), technology often associated with navigation of autonomous vehicles, can be critical to meeting every day urban navigation needs of people with vision disabilities. This research addresses two major obstacles to implementing VPR at scale: 1) the need for side-view place recognition, crucial for identification of sidew
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Rizzo, J. R., Feng, C., Wang, R., & Sheng, D. (2022). Wearables to Command More Access and Inclusion in a Smarter Transportation System. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66525
Rizzo, John Ross, Chen Feng, Ruoyu Wang, and Diwei Sheng. Wearables to Command More Access and Inclusion in a Smarter Transportation System. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66525.
Rizzo, John Ross, et al. Wearables to Command More Access and Inclusion in a Smarter Transportation System. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2022, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/66525.
Safety for all road users is a key concern as Connected and Autonomous Vehicle technologies develop and reach the testing phase. One key concern is the change to two-way communication that often occurs in traditional pedestrian-vehicle interaction. This project focused on three key aspects to this issue. First, a prototype autonomous shuttle system
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Chase, R. T., Feng, J., Hollar, S., Karimoddini, A., & Wright, W. (2022). Enhancing AV Traffic Safety through Pedestrian Detection, Classification and Communication (Report No. FHWA/NC/2019-28). North Carolina. Department of Transportation. Research and Analysis Group. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68711
Chase, R. Thomas, Jingyu Feng, Seth Hollar, Ali Karimoddini, and Waugh Wright. Enhancing AV Traffic Safety through Pedestrian Detection, Classification and Communication. Report no. FHWA/NC/2019-28. North Carolina. Department of Transportation. Research and Analysis Group, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68711.
Chase, R. Thomas, et al. Enhancing AV Traffic Safety through Pedestrian Detection, Classification and Communication. North Carolina. Department of Transportation. Research and Analysis Group, 2022, Report no. FHWA/NC/2019-28, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68711.
We conducted a thorough literature survey on topics relevant to assured PNT for automated vehicles. The presented literature gathers and systematizes existing knowledge related to the system components of PNT and HAV systems. In particular, it treats opportunities, threats, and vulnerabilities related to (1) inertially-coupled GNSS receivers, (2) n
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Ahmed, Q. (2022). Literature Review of PNT and GNSS Threats and Vulnerabilities to HATS. Center for Automated Vehicles Research with Multimodal Assured Navigation (CARMEN+) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72728
Ahmed, Qadeer. Literature Review of PNT and GNSS Threats and Vulnerabilities to HATS. Center for Automated Vehicles Research with Multimodal Assured Navigation (CARMEN+) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72728.
Ahmed, Qadeer Literature Review of PNT and GNSS Threats and Vulnerabilities to HATS. Center for Automated Vehicles Research with Multimodal Assured Navigation (CARMEN+) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2022, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72728.
The Autonomous Truck Mounted Attenuator (ATMA) vehicle system is a quickly emerging technology that leverages connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) capabilities for maintenance of transportation infrastructure. Because practicable and implementable guidance for deployment of this technology is largely missing in MUTCD, State DOTs have been making
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Hu, X., Tang, Q., & Chen, G. (2022). Development of ATMA Deployment Guidelines Considering Traffic and Safety Impacts (Report No. 25-1121-0005-128-2). University of Nebraska. Mid-America Transportation Center. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/74542
Hu, Xianbiao, Qing Tang, and Genda Chen. Development of ATMA Deployment Guidelines Considering Traffic and Safety Impacts. Report no. 25-1121-0005-128-2. University of Nebraska. Mid-America Transportation Center, 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/74542.
Hu, Xianbiao, et al. Development of ATMA Deployment Guidelines Considering Traffic and Safety Impacts. University of Nebraska. Mid-America Transportation Center, 2022, Report no. 25-1121-0005-128-2, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/74542.
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