U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Federal Aviation Administration

rosaP Repository & Open Science Access Portal

The FAA conducts research to ensure that commercial and general aviation is the safest in the world. Bookmark this collection https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_faa or https://doi.org/10.21949/1530831.

(13)
(33)
(49)
(39)
(37)
(42)
(27)
(18)
(18)
(17)
(12)
(8)
(4)
(11)
(8)
(17)
(9)
(5)
(9)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(28)
(27)
(31)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(1)
0 of 59
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(17)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(18)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(18)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(6)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(10)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(7)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(14)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(4)
0 of 1000
(2)
(18)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(24)
(114)
(2)
(8)
(27)
(147)
(43)
(2)
(24)
(8)
(13)
(171)
(2)
0 of 20
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 242
(16)
(3)
(24)
(23)
(43)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(21)
(17)
(14)
(6)
0 of 13
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(17)
(2)
(6)
(9)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(1)
(47)
(4)
(1)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(25)
(1)
(12)
(3)
(1)
(17)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(12)
(24)
(1)
(215)
(1)
(179)
(11)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(7)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 145
(2)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(6)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(51)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(19)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(7)
(24)
(95)
(2)
(197)
(44)
(6)
(1)
(14)
(5)
(11)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
0 of 76
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(2)
(100)
(8)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(29)
(42)
(2)
(31)
(3)
(79)
(1)
(17)
(8)
(32)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(37)
(1)
(68)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(30)
(1)
(12)
(51)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(83)
(4)
(29)
(13)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(33)
(2)
(29)
(10)
(69)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(7)
(68)
(9)
(83)
(1)
(5)
(25)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(32)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(178)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(189)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(69)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(50)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(94)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(36)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(9)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(66)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(10)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(11)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(4)
(30)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(4)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(18)
(49)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(35)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(4)
(1)
(13)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(29)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(34)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(12)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(112)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(37)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(136)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(14)
(29)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(27)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(3)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(23)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(29)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(126)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(17)
(8)
(25)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(36)
(8)
(2)
(7)
(3)
(10)
(2)
(33)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(119)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(31)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(39)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(112)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(14)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(4)
(23)
(5)
(3)
(5)
(36)
(4)
(4)
(16)
(2)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(40)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(29)
(10)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(23)
(31)
(32)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(14)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(23)
(4)
(6)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 309
Showing 181 - 200 of 617 results
  • Regulatory and Policy Analysis of Production Development and Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the United States
    Regulatory and Policy Analysis of Production, Development and Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the United States
    Korkut, Ekrem ;
    Fowler, Lara B
    2021-11-01 | PDF
    The United States, spurred in part by international developments, is expanding its law and policy to incentivize the use of sustainable aviation fuels. While the U.S. has agreed to participate in the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), it has only recently ...
  • Experimental Verification of Principal Losses in a Regulatory Particulate Matter Emissions Sampling System for Aircraft Turbine Engines
    Experimental Verification of Principal Losses in a Regulatory Particulate Matter Emissions Sampling System for Aircraft Turbine Engines
    Kittelson, D. B. ;
    Swanson, J
    2021-11-01 | PDF
    A sampling system for measuring emissions of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) from aircraft gas turbine engines has been developed to replace the use of smoke number and is used for international regulatory purposes. This sampling system can be up to 35m in length. The sampling system length in addition to the volatile particle remover (VPR) a ...
  • Lower Heating Value of Jet Fuel From Hydrocarbon Class Concentration Data and ThermoChemical Reference Data An Uncertainty Quantification
    Lower Heating Value of Jet Fuel From Hydrocarbon Class Concentration Data and Thermo-Chemical Reference Data: An Uncertainty Quantification
    Boehm, Randall C. ;
    Yang, Zhibin
    2021-11-01 | PDF
    A detailed assessment is presented on the calculation and uncertainty of the lower heating value (net heat of combustion) of conventional and sustainable aviation fuels, from hydrocarbon class concentration measurements, reference molecular heats of formation, and the uncertainties of these reference heats of formation. Calculations using this pape ...
  • Construction and Demolition WasteDerived Feedstock Fuel Characterization of a Potential Resource for Sustainable Aviation Fuels Production
    Construction and Demolition Waste-Derived Feedstock: Fuel Characterization of a Potential Resource for Sustainable Aviation Fuels Production
    Bach, Quang-Vu ;
    Fu, Jinxia
    2021-11-01 | PDF
    Detailed characterization of physical and fuel properties of construction and demolition waste (CDW) can support research and commercial efforts to develop sustainable aviation fuels. The current study reports time-series data for bulk density, mineral composition, reactivity, and fuel properties (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating valu ...
  • Optimal N Application Rates on Switchgrass for Producers and a Biorefinery
    Optimal N Application Rates on Switchgrass for Producers and a Biorefinery
    Robertson, Keven Alan ;
    English, Burton C
    2021-11-01 | PDF
    This study analyzes the effects of N fertilizer application rates on profitability of growing switchgrass and using the feedstock in a pyrolysis biorefinery facility to create a source of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) supply in Tennessee. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial bunchgrass native to North America with traits suitable for ...
  • Estimating the Reduction in Future FleetLevel CO2 Emissions from Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    Estimating the Reduction in Future Fleet-Level CO2 Emissions from Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    Jain, Samarth ;
    Chao, Hsun
    2021-11-01 | PDF
    With rising concerns over commercial aviation’s contribution to global carbon emissions, the aviation industry faces tremendous pressure to adopt advanced solutions for reducing its share of CO2 emissions. One near-term potential solution to mitigate this global emissions situation is to operate existing aircraft with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF ...
  • LongTerm Aircraft Noise Exposure and Risk of Hypertension in the Nurses Health Studies
    Long-Term Aircraft Noise Exposure and Risk of Hypertension in the Nurses’ Health Studies
    Kim, Chloe S ;
    Grady, Stephanie T.
    2021-10-01 | PDF
    Background: Aircraft noise can affect populations living near airports. Chronic exposure to aircraft noise has been associated with cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. However, previous studies have been limited in their ability to characterize noise exposures over time and to adequately control for confounders. Objectives: The aim of t ...
  • Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in Petroleum Refineries Evaluation of New BioRefinery Concepts
    Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in Petroleum Refineries: Evaluation of New Bio-Refinery Concepts
    Tanzil, Abid H ;
    Brandt, Kristin
    2021-10-01 | PDF
    The potential for petroleum refineries (PRs) to integrate sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) technologies is manifold, unlike with other existing industrial infrastructures that lack such technical similarities. A midsize PR with a crude oil capacity of 120,000 barrels per day was analyzed in this study to determine the feasibility of integrating five ...
  • Dataset for TechnoEconomic Analysis of Catalytic Hydrothermolysis Pathway for Jet Fuel Production
    Dataset for Techno-Economic Analysis of Catalytic Hydrothermolysis Pathway for Jet Fuel Production
    Eswaran, Sudha ;
    Subramaniam, Senthil
    2021-10-01 | PDF
    This detail the economics of Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (CH), an approve pathway for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production. Techno-economic analysis was conducted with the assumption of CH processing facility that process 832 metric tonnes per day of feedstock into renewable fuels such as SAF, gasoline and diesel. Economic data includes estima ...
  • Permuted Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Analysis of Advecting Structures
    Permuted Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Analysis of Advecting Structures
    Ek, Hanna ;
    Nair, Vedanth
    2021-10-01 | PDF
    Flow data are often decomposed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the space–time separated form, q′(x,t)=∑jaj(t)ϕj(x), which targets spatially correlated flow structures in an optimal manner. This paper analyses permuted POD (PPOD), which decomposes data as q′(x,t)=∑jaj(n)ϕj(s,t), where x=(s,n) is a general spatial coordinate system, s ...
  • Development of a Fast Method to Analyze Patterns in Airport Noise
    Development of a Fast Method to Analyze Patterns in Airport Noise
    Jansson, Madeleine ;
    Hansman, R. John
    2021-09-01 | PDF
    Traditional airport noise modeling is limited in its ability to analyze large quantities of flight tracks due to high computation time. As a result, yearly noise reports are often limited to modeling flights from a single “representative day,” which lacks detail arising from the natural dispersion of flight tracks and variety in airport operations ...
  • A Handbook for Effective Signaling in Air Traffic Control Phase 2 Signaling Philosophy
    A Handbook for Effective Signaling in Air Traffic Control Phase 2: Signaling Philosophy
    Ruskin, Keith J. ;
    Corvin, Chase
    2021-09-01 | PDF
    An air traffic control (ATC) facility is a dynamic, high-stress environment that requires that controllers rapidly detect problems and make time-critical decisions. Signals (alarms, alerts, and warnings) are essential for alerting controllers to potential collisions and other adverse events, but they can increase operators’ response times and decre ...
  • Comparing Alternative Jet Fuel Dependencies Between Combustors of Different Size and Mixing Approaches
    Comparing Alternative Jet Fuel Dependencies Between Combustors of Different Size and Mixing Approaches
    Boehm, Randall C. ;
    Colborn , Jennifer G
    2021-08-01 | PDF
    Analyses used to reveal fuel dependencies on lean blow out and ignition at specific operating conditions in specific combustors show inconsistent trends with each other. Such variety is however consistent with the occurrence of transitions between the governing physical phenomena as the ratios between evaporation, mixing, or chemical time scales wi ...
  • Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Forcing Sensitivity to Cruise Altitudes for Fleets of Potential Supersonic Transport Aircraft
    Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Forcing Sensitivity to Cruise Altitudes for Fleets of Potential Supersonic Transport Aircraft
    Zhang, Jun ;
    Wuebbles, Donald J.
    2021-08-01 | PDF
    The possibility of commercial and business supersonic aircraft that fly in the lower stratosphere is being discussed and specific designs are under consideration. Emissions from supersonic transports have raised crucial environmental concerns regarding ozone and climate. The atmospheric response is sensitive to a range of factors regarding aircraft ...
  • Water Leaching for Improving Fuel Properties of Pongamia Pod Informing Process Design
    Water Leaching for Improving Fuel Properties of Pongamia Pod: Informing Process Design
    Fu, Jinxia ;
    Allen, Gabriel
    2021-08-01 | PDF
    Pongamia seedpods are recognized as a potential feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel production due to the relatively high oil content of the seeds. Pongamia pods are byproduct residues available after seed separation. Pods have high chlorine and potassium content that may be problematic in thermochemical energy conversion systems. Leaching expe ...
  • Sustainable Alternative Fuel Effects on Energy Consumption of Jet Engines
    Sustainable Alternative Fuel Effects on Energy Consumption of Jet Engines
    Boehm, Randall C. ;
    Scholla, Logan C
    2021-07-01 | PDF
    High thermal stability enables engine manufacturers to increase the reliance on fuel as a heat sink while reducing the reliance on air, which wastes the energy used to compress it or increases aircraft drag. While the direct impact of waste heat recovery can translate into an energy savings of 0.2% if the maximum fuel temperature limit is increased ...
  • Noise Model Validation using RealWorld Operations Data
    Noise Model Validation using RealWorld Operations Data
    Gabrielian, Ana ;
    Puranik, Tejas G
    2021-07-01 | PDF
    The mitigation of aviation environmental effects is one of the key enablers to sustainable aviation growth. In order to perform mitigation efforts, however, it is required that the effects themselves be modeled with a high level of accuracy. The Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) offers the capability to model aircraft performance, fuel burn ...
  • Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Potting Mix with Biocharan Energy Feedstock
    Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Potting Mix with Biocharan Energy Feedstock
    Thomas, McKenzie ;
    Jensen, Kimberly L
    2021-06-01 | PDF
    Biochar is a co-product of advanced biofuels production from feedstocks including food, agricultural, wood wastes, or dedicated energy crops. Markets for soil amendments using biochar are emerging, but little is known about consumer preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for these products or the depth of the products’ market potential for this p ...
  • FAA Center of Excellence Alternative Jet Fuels Environment Annual Technical Report 2019 For the Period October 1 2019 September 30 2020
    FAA Center of Excellence Alternative Jet Fuels & Environment: Annual Technical Report 2019: For the Period October 1, 2019 - September 30, 2020
    ASCENT Aviation Sustainability Center
    2021-06-01 | PDF
    This report covers the period October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020. The Center was established by the authority of FAA solicitation 13-C-AJFE-Solicitation. During that time the ASCENT team launched a new website, which can be viewed at ascent.aero. The next meeting will be held virtually April 27-29, 2021.
  • Block 2 Procedure Recommendations for Boston Logan Airport Community Noise Reduction
    Block 2 Procedure Recommendations for Boston Logan Airport Community Noise Reduction
    Hansman, R. John ;
    Salgueiro, Sandro
    2021-06-01 | PDF
    Recent developments in navigation and surveillance technology have enabled new high-precision departure and arrival procedures using GPS and Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) standards. These procedures have proven effective for reducing fuel consumption and streamlining some aspects of air traffic control. However, flight tracks that were previou ...
181 - 200 / 617
 Found an issue?
Send us an email at: publishinghd@cdc.gov