Sullivan, L., Raney, M., & Paleo, E. (2022). Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study) (Report No. DOT-VNTSC-PHMSA-21-02). John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (U.S.). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87955
Sullivan, Laura, Mark Raney, and Emilio Paleo. Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study). Report no. DOT-VNTSC-PHMSA-21-02. John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (U.S.), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87955.
Sullivan, Laura, et al. Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study). John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (U.S.), 2022, Report no. DOT-VNTSC-PHMSA-21-02, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87955.
Train makeup and switching operations are governed by car placement regulations, which establish effective separation distance requirements by means of “buffer cars”. The separation distance requirements in the U.S. were established in 1922 and have remained largely unchanged, despite dramatic changes in rail operations, rail equipment, and the variety and quantities of HM being transported. The purpose of this research (Volpe Buffer Car Research Study) is to inform future PHMSA research and potential rulemakings on the separation distance of HM from train crews and/or occupied locomotives. The study entailed conducting a focused literature review and consultations with the Federal Railroad Administration and Transport Canada. The objective of the study being to identify and review existing relevant studies; identify gaps in the existing studies; determine what conclusions, if any, can be drawn from the existing studies; and provide recommendations for further research.
Sullivan, L., Raney, M., & Paleo, E. (2022). Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study) (Report No. DOT-VNTSC-PHMSA-21-02). John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (U.S.). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87955
Sullivan, Laura, Mark Raney, and Emilio Paleo. Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study). Report no. DOT-VNTSC-PHMSA-21-02. John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (U.S.), 2022. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87955.
Sullivan, Laura, et al. Separation Distance of Hazardous Materials Cars and Train Crews and/or Locomotives - Literature Review (Buffer Car Research Study). John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (U.S.), 2022, Report no. DOT-VNTSC-PHMSA-21-02, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87955.
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