James, R. W., Brown, D. E., Bartoskewitz, R. E., & Coyle, H. M. (1986). Earth Pressures on Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts (Report No. FHWA/TX-86/ 27+294-2F). Texas Transportation Institute. Texas A&M University. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84841
James, Ray W., Dale E. Brown, Richard E. Bartoskewitz, and Harry M. Coyle. Earth Pressures on Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts. Report no. FHWA/TX-86/ 27+294-2F. Texas Transportation Institute. Texas A&M University, 1986. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84841.
James, Ray W., et al. Earth Pressures on Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts. Texas Transportation Institute. Texas A&M University, 1986, Report no. FHWA/TX-86/ 27+294-2F, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84841.
An 8 ft. by 44 ft. reinforced concrete box culvert was constructed and instrumented with twenty pressure cells on the top and side slabs, and with six resistance strain gauges on the tension reinforcing steel in the top slab. Earth pressures, reinforcing steel strains and top slab deflections were measured for various combinations of dead load and live load. Dead loads were due to backfill and earth covers up to 8 ft over the top slab. Live loads were applied by parking a test vehicle having a 48 kip (214 kN) tandem rear axle at various distances from the centerline of the culvert along a perpendicular roadway constructed on the embankment above the culvert. A set of empirical equations was developed to fit the measured earth pressures. These equations account for the effect of individual wheel loads applied at any point on the horizontal roadway above the culvert. Reinforcing steel stresses, calculated from the measured strains are also presented. A comparison of the measured pressures with the AASHTO design pressures is also presented, and a proposed design procedure is developed and presented.
James, R. W., Brown, D. E., Bartoskewitz, R. E., & Coyle, H. M. (1986). Earth Pressures on Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts (Report No. FHWA/TX-86/ 27+294-2F). Texas Transportation Institute. Texas A&M University. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84841
James, Ray W., Dale E. Brown, Richard E. Bartoskewitz, and Harry M. Coyle. Earth Pressures on Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts. Report no. FHWA/TX-86/ 27+294-2F. Texas Transportation Institute. Texas A&M University, 1986. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84841.
James, Ray W., et al. Earth Pressures on Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts. Texas Transportation Institute. Texas A&M University, 1986, Report no. FHWA/TX-86/ 27+294-2F, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/84841.
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