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Abstract:In 1945, T.C. Powers showed that increased frost resistance of air-entrained concrete was largely a result of the size and spacing of air voids in the cement paste. By considering the hydraulic pressures which may accompany the freezing process, he proposed that the maximum average distance from a point in the paste to the nearest air void be no greater than about .01 inches. To indicate this distance, Powers introduced the spacing factor, L. Mielenz and others later found that frost resistance of concrete was greatly improved when the value of the spacing factor was about .008 inches or less as illustrated in Figure 1. This spacing factor must be determined on hardened concrete and requires the use of elaborate equipment including a linear traverse device meeting the specifications of ASTM C-457. The purpose of the test described in this report is to give an indication of the spacing factor in plastic concrete using a simple device suitable for field testing. This would make possible the immediate detection of concrete susceptible to early failure under the disruptive forces caused by freezing and thawing.
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