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Impact of Heavy Commercial Electric Vehicles on Flexible Pavements
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2025-05-01
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[PDF-30.40 MB]
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Edition:Final Report 8/16/22–5/15/25
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Abstract:Heavy-duty electric vehicles (HDEV) pose challenges to flexible pavements. This study evaluated four Illinois pavement structures to quantify HDEV impacts on pavements. Compounding factors included increases in load and acceleration, which escalated critical strains and reduced repetitions to failure. Various distresses were considered: bottom-up cracking, shear-driven top-down cracking, and shear-driven shoving. A proposed framework is presented, which includes a new metric—e-truck adjustment factor—that enables a full truck comparison of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICs) with HDEVs. The driving factor for HDEV’s effect was the additional shear strain in the pavement structure. For pavements with relatively thin hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layers (e.g., low volume and typical thick), the increased load impact was prominent. In addition, the impact adversely affected the subgrade and base layer with higher induced structural rutting. Pavement sections with either a relatively thick HMA layer (e.g., full depth) or supported by a high-modulus layer (e.g., stone matrix asphalt [SMA] overlay on Portland cement concrete) were impacted by the increasing acceleration. In that case, the horizontal shear strain near the surface aligned with the increased longitudinal contact stresses.
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