Butt, A. A., Carpenter, S. H., Selim, A. A., & Zimmerman, K. A. (1997). Evaluation of South Dakota Department of Transportation's Shoulder Surfacing on New Construction (Report No. SD95-04-F). South Dakota. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/83347
Butt, Ali A, Samuel H. Carpenter, Ali A. Selim, and Kathryn A Zimmerman. Evaluation of South Dakota Department of Transportation's Shoulder Surfacing on New Construction. Report no. SD95-04-F. South Dakota. Department of Transportation, 1997. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/83347.
Butt, Ali A, et al. Evaluation of South Dakota Department of Transportation's Shoulder Surfacing on New Construction. South Dakota. Department of Transportation, 1997, Report no. SD95-04-F, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/83347.
The South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) developed the project SD95-04 to evaluate SDDOT's shoulder surfacing on new construction. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarize the shoulder design procedures adopted by other state departments of transportation. The performance of existing shoulders was evaluated through pavement condition survey, nondestructive deflection testing and destructive testing. Shoulder performance prediction models were developed for various types of shoulders. Shoulder condition versus maintenance cost relationships were developed for asphalt concrete, portland cement concrete and gravel shoulders. The life-cycle costs of asphalt concrete, blotter, portland cement concrete and gravel shoulders were determined. The gravel shoulders resulted in the lowest life-cycle costs. The shoulder surfacing guidelines on new construction were developed based on the performance of existing shoulders and the life-cycle cost analysis.
Butt, A. A., Carpenter, S. H., Selim, A. A., & Zimmerman, K. A. (1997). Evaluation of South Dakota Department of Transportation's Shoulder Surfacing on New Construction (Report No. SD95-04-F). South Dakota. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/83347
Butt, Ali A, Samuel H. Carpenter, Ali A. Selim, and Kathryn A Zimmerman. Evaluation of South Dakota Department of Transportation's Shoulder Surfacing on New Construction. Report no. SD95-04-F. South Dakota. Department of Transportation, 1997. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/83347.
Butt, Ali A, et al. Evaluation of South Dakota Department of Transportation's Shoulder Surfacing on New Construction. South Dakota. Department of Transportation, 1997, Report no. SD95-04-F, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/83347.
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