United States Department of Transportation
i
Electric Vehicle Simulations Based on Kansas-Centric Conditions
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2024-11-01
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[PDF-2.39 MB]
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Edition:Final Report July 2020 – June 2022
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Abstract:Range anxiety is a significant contributor to consumer reticence when purchasing Electric Vehicles (EVs); thus, industry is pushing the range of EVs by enhancing lithium-ion battery chemistry. As a result, new commercial EVs readily achieve over 200 miles of range as found by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, this measured range by the EPA is often not the case when real-world conditions are encountered. The choice of testing indoors in idealized conditions (i.e., 77 ºF with the cabin conditioning system turned off) can belie the true range of EVs. This can be particularly problematic as government entities look to add charging stations nationwide. Any use of range that feeds into planning purposes must include on-road information such as wind (particularly important for the authors’ home state of Kansas) and other facets like road grade and ambient temperature. Thus, this effort describes the simplest model that incorporates all important factors that impact the range of an EV. Calibration of the model to EPA tests found an average deviation of 0.45 and 0.57 miles for the highway and city ranges, respectively over seven commercial EVs; hence, demonstrating good model accuracy. Subsequent predictions found significant losses based on the impact of road grade, wind, and vehicle speed over a Kansas interstate highway. In addition, up to 57.8% and 37.5% losses in range were found when simulating vehicles at 20 ºF and 95 ºF, respectively. Simulated aging of the vehicle battery pack due to cycling demonstrated range losses up to 53.1% at 100,000 miles. Model extensions to rain and snow illustrated corresponding losses based on the level of precipitation on the road. Finally, all model outcomes were translated into simple Excel spreadsheets that can be used in predicting the range of a generic EV over Kansas-centric roads.
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