United States Department of Transportation
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Should High-Cobalt EV Batteries Be Repurposed? Using LCA To Assess the Impact of Technological Innovation on the Waste Hierarchy
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2023-05-01
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[PDF-1.21 MB]
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Abstract:Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a key technology in decarbonizing the transportation and electricity sectors, yet the use of critical materials, such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium, lead to environmental and social impacts. Reusing, repurposing, and recycling mitigate battery impacts by extending their lifespan and reducing reliance on virgin materials. Innovation that reduces demand for these problematic materials and increases battery efficiency also reduces impacts. Two examples of this technological innovation include, (1) the development of energy dense cathode chemistry containing less cobalt, a material with high social and environmental impacts; and (2) the use of columnar silicon thin film anode, which results in increased energy density compared to the commonly used graphite anode. This research assesses whether these technological innovations change the currently understood waste hierarchy, which prioritizes reuse or repurposing prior to recycling. This is of interest because retired high-cobalt batteries could supply their constituent materials sooner if recycled immediately and be used in low-cobalt, higher-performing batteries.
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Content Notes:This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Please cite this article as: Dunn, J., Ritter, K., Velázquez, J. M., & Kendall, A. (2023). Should high-cobalt EV batteries be repurposed? Using LCA to assess the impact of technological innovation on the waste hierarchy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 27, 1277–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13414
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