Butt, A. A., Harvey, J. T., Kendall, A., Hui, L., & Zhu, Y. (2020). A Combined Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Improve the Sustainability of Urban Hardscapes [Policy Brief]. National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) (UTC). https://doi.org/10.7922/G2N58JN3
Butt, Ali A, John T Harvey, Alissa Kendall, Li Hui, and Yuxin Zhu. A Combined Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Improve the Sustainability of Urban Hardscapes [Policy Brief]. National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) (UTC), 2020. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2N58JN3.
Butt, Ali A, et al. A Combined Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Improve the Sustainability of Urban Hardscapes [Policy Brief]. National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) (UTC), 2020, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2N58JN3.
Streets, sidewalks, parking areas, plazas, and other paved surfaces cover large portions of urban areas. These urban hardscapes contribute significantly to cities’ resource consumption. Although urban hardscapes enable people and goods to move freely, they also have profound impacts on cities’ water, air quality, energy, and material use. Reducing the environmental impacts of hardscapes will be an important component of making cities more sustainable. The necessary first step is to quantify those impacts.
According to the United Nations, 54 percent of the world's population lived in cities in 2014, and this figure is projected to be 66 percent by 2050.
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Butt, A. A., Harvey, J. T., Kendall, A., Hui, L., & Zhu, Y. (2020). A Combined Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Improve the Sustainability of Urban Hardscapes [Policy Brief]. National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) (UTC). https://doi.org/10.7922/G2N58JN3
Butt, Ali A, John T Harvey, Alissa Kendall, Li Hui, and Yuxin Zhu. A Combined Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Improve the Sustainability of Urban Hardscapes [Policy Brief]. National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) (UTC), 2020. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2N58JN3.
Butt, Ali A, et al. A Combined Urban Metabolism and Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Improve the Sustainability of Urban Hardscapes [Policy Brief]. National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) (UTC), 2020, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2N58JN3.
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