United States Department of Transportation
i
ATC Signaling Systems: A Review of the Literature on Alarms, Alerts, and Warnings
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2020-09-01
[PDF-1.14 MB]
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Edition:Final Report for Phase 1:Sep 2019 - Sep 2020
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Abstract:The Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic control organization encompasses a variety of facilities that include towers, terminal radar approach control facilities (TRACONs), and air route traffic control centers (ARTCCs). ATO facilities are dynamic environments that require rapid decision making to manage rapidly evolving situations. Controllers routinely interact with pilots of varying skill levels who are flying aircraft with different capabilities at different speeds, altitudes and trajectories. Controllers rely upon signals to indicate that an abnormal event may occur in the future or when an occurrence requires immediate attention to avoid an accident or incident that may result in harm or loss of life. The most critical goals for developing signals are to provide well-formatted information to the controller, clearly and accurately indicating potential hazards, and minimizing unnecessary alarms. Signals should be easy for controllers to identify and should be consistent across all equipment with which a controller is required to interact. This comprehensive literature review describes the work done as part of the first phase of a five-year project in which we document the current understanding of signals and identify potential knowledge gaps. In the remaining phases we will develop a signaling philosophy for air traffic control, create a handbook that will offer advice on development of signals that will be used by air traffic controllers, validate the handbook with stakeholders, and train controllers on the optimal use of signals.
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