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Abstract:In the United States, it is becoming more common that underground transport facilities are constructed in soft ground by tunneling in lieu of cut and cover methods. This is particularly true in sensitive neighborhoods or highly developed business communities. It is important that in such circumstances undue surface settlements are not caused by the tunneling. Unfortunately, conventional procedures for controlling settlements when tunneling in soft grounds are becoming increasingly expensive and, in some cases, environmentally unacceptable. Thus, a need exists for new methods which can be used for soft ground tunneling in urban areas. This situation, only recently developing in the United States, has been faced for some time in Japan and Europe. As a result, considerable research and development has been done overseas. In the past five years, the most extensive work has been forthcoming from Japan. This is not surprising since the Japanese undertake substantially more soft ground tunneling each year than any other country. The Japanese have specialized in the development of tunneling procedures for difficult soft ground conditions, and in working in weak and broken rock. It is the purpose of this report to describe important aspects of this technology since it most likely will find significant application in the United States in the near future. The information presented in this report was obtained from observations made on a three week trip to Japan, internal documents provided to the author by Japanese firms, and published-literature. The report does not represent a comprehensive state-of-the-art review, but covers the predominate spectrum of soft ground tunneling technology being used as of 1979-1980.
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