United States Department of Transportation
i
Design and Construction of Compacted Shale Embankments: Vol. 2. Evaluation and Remedial Treatment of Compacted Shale Embankments
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1975-09-01
[PDF-10.83 MB]
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Edition:Interim Report July 1974 - June 1975
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Abstract:The purpose of the three-phase study is to develop design and construction methodologies that will enable shales which have caused settlements and slope failure in highway embankments to be identified and used successfully in future construction. The purpose of Phase II was to develop (a) techniques for evaluating the stability of existing embankments and (b) remedial treatments for distressed embankments. Information obtained from State and Federal agencies and the literature was reviewed. Types and probable causes of distress, evaluation techniques, and remedial treatment measures are discussed. Evaluation techniques recommended are: instrumentation with piezometers, inclinometers, and settlement markers; undisturbed sampling and laboratory testing; in situ testing with borehole devices (Menard pressuremeter and Iowa shear test device); and back analyses of failed slopes. The primary considerations in remedial treatment should be subsurface drainage (mainly horizontal and vertical drains) and surface drainage (mainly paved ditches). Slope flattening, berms, retaining walls, cement grouting, and/or complete reconstruction should be considered in addition to drainage measures when extensive movements and/or shale deterioration have caused large reductions in shear strength. This is the second of two volumes. Volume 1, covering Phase I, is published as FHWA-RD-75-61 subtitle: Survey of Problem Areas and Current Practices.
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