McDonald, T., & Anderson-Wilk, M. (2003). Low water stream crossings in Iowa : a selection and design guide. Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/23862
McDonald, Thomas and Mark Anderson-Wilk. Low water stream crossings in Iowa : a selection and design guide. Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2003. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/23862.
McDonald, Thomas, and Mark Anderson-Wilk Low water stream crossings in Iowa : a selection and design guide. Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2003, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/23862.
Most Iowa counties maintain low volume roads with at least one bridge or culvert that is structurally
;
deficient or obsolete. In some counties the percentage of deficient drainage structures may be as
;
high as 62%. Replacement with structures of similar size would require large capital expenditures
;
that many counties cannot afford. Low water stream crossings (LWSCs) may be an acceptable lowcost
;
alternative in some cases.
;
LWSCs are particularly suitable for low volume roads across streams where the normal volume of
;
flow is relatively low. There are three common types of LWSCs:
;
1. unvented fords
;
2. vented fords
;
3. low water bridges.
;
LWSC sites, types, and designs should be carefully selected since low water stream crossings will be
;
flooded periodically, requiring the road to be temporarily closed to traffic.
McDonald, T., & Anderson-Wilk, M. (2003). Low water stream crossings in Iowa : a selection and design guide. Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/23862
McDonald, Thomas and Mark Anderson-Wilk. Low water stream crossings in Iowa : a selection and design guide. Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2003. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/23862.
McDonald, Thomas, and Mark Anderson-Wilk Low water stream crossings in Iowa : a selection and design guide. Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2003, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/23862.
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