Artificial Intelligence Deployment Center of Excellence (AI COE)
The AI COE Collection is a central resource for transportation stakeholders that may aid in deployment of safe and responsible AI in surface transportation. The collection will feature current and emerging resources, innovations, and technologies. For more information on the AI COE, go to https://highways.dot.gov/ai-coe.
This study investigates the dynamic effects of the built environment on travel in Austin, Texas, over a 20-year period. Using three waves of household travel surveys from 1997, 2006, and 2017, the research employs a repeated cross-sectional approach to address the limitations of traditional longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, and to more accu
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Zhang, M., & Zafri, N. (2025). A Dynamic Analysis of the Built Environment-Travel Behavior Relationship Using Three Activity-Travel Surveys in the Austin, Texas Region. United States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) Program. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91960
Zhang, Ming and Niaz Zafri. A Dynamic Analysis of the Built Environment-Travel Behavior Relationship Using Three Activity-Travel Surveys in the Austin, Texas Region. United States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) Program, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91960.
Zhang, Ming, and Niaz Zafri A Dynamic Analysis of the Built Environment-Travel Behavior Relationship Using Three Activity-Travel Surveys in the Austin, Texas Region. United States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) Program, 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91960.
The main goal of this project is to provide DOT planners with much-needed support that enables them to analyze and compare the performance of alternative bridge construction methods during the early design phase and optimize their construction decisions during the preconstruction phase. To accomplish this goal, the main tasks of this project focuse
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DatasetSupporting Files
El-Rayes, K., Ignacio, E. J., & Helaly, H. (2025). Optimizing the Planning of Precast Concrete Bridge Construction Methods to Maximize Durability, Safety, and Sustainability [supporting dataset]. Transportation Infrastructure Precast Innovation Center (TRANS-IPIC) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89223
El-Rayes, Khaled, Ernest-John Ignacio, and Hadil Helaly. Optimizing the Planning of Precast Concrete Bridge Construction Methods to Maximize Durability, Safety, and Sustainability [supporting dataset]. Transportation Infrastructure Precast Innovation Center (TRANS-IPIC) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89223.
El-Rayes, Khaled, et al. Optimizing the Planning of Precast Concrete Bridge Construction Methods to Maximize Durability, Safety, and Sustainability [supporting dataset]. Transportation Infrastructure Precast Innovation Center (TRANS-IPIC) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89223.
Bridge scour is a leading cause of hydraulic-related bridge failures, yet current monitoring practices rely on periodic inspections that are insufficient during floods when scour activity accelerates. To address this gap, a low-cost (under $1,000 per unit) remote scour-monitoring system was developed and deployed on two scour critical bridges in Ge
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Yee, T., Yang, J. J., Oguzmert, M., Amirgholy, M., Kazemian, A., Sarkar, A., Alam, M. S., & Deng, P. (2025). Remote Bridge Health Monitoring for Scouring Using Cost-Efficient Sensing Technology (Report No. FHWA-GA-25-2219). Georgia. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87977
Yee, Tien, Jidong J. Yang, Metin Oguzmert, Mahyar Amirgholy, Alan Kazemian, Ajoy Sarkar, Md. Shamsul Alam, and Penghao Deng. Remote Bridge Health Monitoring for Scouring Using Cost-Efficient Sensing Technology. Report no. FHWA-GA-25-2219. Georgia. Department of Transportation, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87977.
Yee, Tien, et al. Remote Bridge Health Monitoring for Scouring Using Cost-Efficient Sensing Technology. Georgia. Department of Transportation, 2025, Report no. FHWA-GA-25-2219, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87977.
This report describes the project activities conducted at The University of Maine's VEMI Lab to address the increasing rate of vehicle-pedestrian collisions within the state of Maine and to improve older adult driving safety. Leveraging VEMI's experience with virtual reality environments, human-subject research, and the lab's fully immersive autono
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Brown, J. R., Fink, P. D. S., Movalia, R. M., Kastelein, M. E., James, K. J., Corey, R. R., & Giudice, N. A. (2025). Augmented Information in the Driving Environment: Increasing Pedestrian Safety with Augmented Reality Indicators for Older Adult Drivers in Maine. University of Maine. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87520
Brown, Justin R., Paul D. S. Fink, Raina M. Movalia, Margaret E. Kastelein, Kyle J. James, Richard R. Corey, and Nicholas A. Giudice. Augmented Information in the Driving Environment: Increasing Pedestrian Safety with Augmented Reality Indicators for Older Adult Drivers in Maine. University of Maine, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87520.
Brown, Justin R., et al. Augmented Information in the Driving Environment: Increasing Pedestrian Safety with Augmented Reality Indicators for Older Adult Drivers in Maine. University of Maine, 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87520.
RTC's Safer, Smarter, Faster smart technology traffic signal project utilized a cloud-based signal timing optimization system that supports transit signal priority (TSP) and enhances safety using artificial intelligence intersection analytics (AIA). The limits for Stage 1 pilot project encompass UMC hospital and downtown Las Vegas. Intersection ana
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Karanikolas, C. (2025). Safer, Faster, Smarter: Pairing Cloud-Based Vehicle Preemption and AI Intersection Video Analytics [data management plan]. Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Program. https://doi.org/10.48321/D1V37D
Karanikolas, Christina. Safer, Faster, Smarter: Pairing Cloud-Based Vehicle Preemption and AI Intersection Video Analytics [data management plan]. Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Program, 2025. https://doi.org/10.48321/D1V37D.
Karanikolas, Christina Safer, Faster, Smarter: Pairing Cloud-Based Vehicle Preemption and AI Intersection Video Analytics [data management plan]. Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Program, 2025, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.48321/D1V37D.
In cold climate regions, repeated freezing and thawing during the winter months causes concrete on bridges and road surfaces to crack and deteriorate over time. This damage shortens the service life of transportation infrastructure and increases maintenance costs. To address this problem, this project explored the use of microencapsulated phase cha
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Paswan, R., Li, H. W. X., & Das, S. (2025). Enhancing the Durability of Bridge Decks by Incorporating Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Concrete. University of Maine. Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center (TIDC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88800
Paswan, Rakesh, He-Wen-Xuan Li, and Sumanta Das. Enhancing the Durability of Bridge Decks by Incorporating Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Concrete. University of Maine. Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center (TIDC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88800.
Paswan, Rakesh, et al. Enhancing the Durability of Bridge Decks by Incorporating Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Concrete. University of Maine. Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center (TIDC), 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88800.
This study examines changes in urban mobility patterns in New York City between 2019 and 2022 using machine learning techniques. Analysis of the Citywide Mobility Survey data (n=85,000) reveals a reduction from seven distinct activity clusters in 2019 to four in 2022. We implement three machine learning approaches - Decision Trees, Random Forest, a
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Allahviranloo, M., & Kannam, N. (2025). Machine Learning Based Analysis of Activity Patterns to Assess Travel Behavior in Five Boroughs of New York City. United States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) Program. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91963
Allahviranloo, Mahdieh and Nikhita Kannam. Machine Learning Based Analysis of Activity Patterns to Assess Travel Behavior in Five Boroughs of New York City. United States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) Program, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91963.
Allahviranloo, Mahdieh, and Nikhita Kannam Machine Learning Based Analysis of Activity Patterns to Assess Travel Behavior in Five Boroughs of New York City. United States. Department of Transportation. University Transportation Centers (UTC) Program, 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/91963.
RTC's Safer, Smarter, Faster smart technology traffic signal project utilized a cloud-based signal timing optimization system that supports transit signal priority (TSP) and enhances safety using artificial intelligence intersection analytics (AIA). The limits for Stage 1 pilot project encompass UMC hospital and downtown Las Vegas. Intersection ana
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Dataset
Karanikolas, C. (2025). Safer, Faster, Smarter: Pairing Cloud-Based Vehicle Preemption and AI Intersection Video Analytics [supporting dataset]. Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Program. https://doi.org/10.21949/1403458
Karanikolas, Christina. Safer, Faster, Smarter: Pairing Cloud-Based Vehicle Preemption and AI Intersection Video Analytics [supporting dataset]. Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Program, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21949/1403458.
Karanikolas, Christina Safer, Faster, Smarter: Pairing Cloud-Based Vehicle Preemption and AI Intersection Video Analytics [supporting dataset]. Strengthening Mobility and Revolutionizing Transportation (SMART) Program, 2025, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.21949/1403458.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) offer a powerful, cost-effective approach to improving roadway safety and efficiency, especially when traditional infrastructure expansion is either impractical or fails to meet longer-term needs. Their ability to address complex challenges are driving substantial growth in the ITS field as transportation sy
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Grahn, R., Silverstein, C., Fraser, J. L., Morales, M., Campbell, M., Ayabae, J. M., & Paull, S. (2025). Career Opportunities in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) (Report No. FHWA-JPO-26-001). United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89169
Grahn, Rick, Claire Silverstein, Janet L. Fraser, Meredith Morales, Margaret Campbell, Jada-Mercy Ayabae, and Sarah Paull. Career Opportunities in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Report no. FHWA-JPO-26-001. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89169.
Grahn, Rick, et al. Career Opportunities in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2025, Report no. FHWA-JPO-26-001, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/89169.
The research problem we are trying to solve is the detection and monitoring of aging civil infrastructure components and systems in New England by using visual information and subsurface images in a virtual reality (VR) environment for data visualization and machine learning (ML) for data interpretation. The overall research objective is to study t
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Yu, T., & Wei, J. (2025). 3.19 Detection and Monitoring of Material Aging and Structural Deterioration Using Electromagnetic and Mechanical Sensors with Virtual Reality and Machine Learning Modeling (Report No. 3.19). University of Maine. Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center (TIDC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88856
Yu, Tzuyang and Jianqiang Wei. 3.19 Detection and Monitoring of Material Aging and Structural Deterioration Using Electromagnetic and Mechanical Sensors with Virtual Reality and Machine Learning Modeling. Report no. 3.19. University of Maine. Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center (TIDC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88856.
Yu, Tzuyang, and Jianqiang Wei 3.19 Detection and Monitoring of Material Aging and Structural Deterioration Using Electromagnetic and Mechanical Sensors with Virtual Reality and Machine Learning Modeling. University of Maine. Transportation Infrastructure Durability Center (TIDC), 2025, Report no. 3.19, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88856.
Safety at grade crossings is a major concern due to the number of accidents every year. Many innovative technologies have been proposed to automate the monitoring of crossings. The goal of this research is to investigate the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) to monitor grade crossings and detect various hazardous conditions
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Ali, G., Tarawneh, C., Flores-Osuna, S., Chavez, F., & Espinoza, D. (2025). Enhanced Datasets and AI Models for Monitoring of Grade Crossings (Report No. UTCRS-UTRGV-O1CY24). University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88089
Ali, Gasser, Constantine Tarawneh, Silvia Flores-Osuna, Felix Chavez, and Darren Espinoza. Enhanced Datasets and AI Models for Monitoring of Grade Crossings. Report no. UTCRS-UTRGV-O1CY24. University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88089.
Ali, Gasser, et al. Enhanced Datasets and AI Models for Monitoring of Grade Crossings. University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025, Report no. UTCRS-UTRGV-O1CY24, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88089.
Large language models (often also termed foundation models) are revolutionizing multiple aspects of every-day life and work, with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) agents like ChatGPT being now commonplace and transforming life, work, and scientific discovery as we know it. In this project, we harness the power of such foundation models in or
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Papalexakis, E., Chen, J., & Dong, Y. (2025). Towards Building a Foundation AI Model for Railway Safety (Report No. UTCRS-UCR-O6CY24). University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88689
Papalexakis, Evangelos, Jia Chen, and Yue Dong. Towards Building a Foundation AI Model for Railway Safety. Report no. UTCRS-UCR-O6CY24. University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88689.
Papalexakis, Evangelos, et al. Towards Building a Foundation AI Model for Railway Safety. University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) Tier-1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025, Report no. UTCRS-UCR-O6CY24, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88689.
Maintaining roadway safety requires accurate monitoring of both pavement conditions and traffic sign infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as manual inspection or LiDAR-based systems, are costly, time-consuming, and difficult to scale. This work introduces a cost-effective, image-based framework that leverages dense 3D point cloud data, geometr
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Trinidad, R., Sherafat, A., Ji, H., Zhang, Y., Cheng, W., & Mora, O. (2025). Deep Learning with LiDAR Point Cloud Data for Automatic Roadway Health Monitoring. Center for Understanding Future of Travel Behavior and Demand (TBD) National University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87064
Trinidad, Rafael, Ardavan Sherafat, Hao Ji, Yongping Zhang, Wen Cheng, and Omar Mora. Deep Learning with LiDAR Point Cloud Data for Automatic Roadway Health Monitoring. Center for Understanding Future of Travel Behavior and Demand (TBD) National University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87064.
Trinidad, Rafael, et al. Deep Learning with LiDAR Point Cloud Data for Automatic Roadway Health Monitoring. Center for Understanding Future of Travel Behavior and Demand (TBD) National University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87064.
Real-time traffic information is critical for efficient robo-taxi fleet management, yet such data is often costly to obtain and incomplete in mixed traffic with low autonomous vehicle (AV) penetration. This project addresses this challenge by proposing a hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) framework that enables fleets to act not only as mobi
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DatasetSupporting Files
Filipovska, M., & Bala, H. (2025). RIDERS: Real-Time Information Dissemination for Efficiency in a Robo-Taxi System [supporting dataset]. New England University Transportation Center (NEUTC) Region 1 University Transportation Center (UTC). https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/E3H1AZ
Filipovska, Monika and Haimanti Bala. RIDERS: Real-Time Information Dissemination for Efficiency in a Robo-Taxi System [supporting dataset]. New England University Transportation Center (NEUTC) Region 1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/E3H1AZ.
Filipovska, Monika, and Haimanti Bala RIDERS: Real-Time Information Dissemination for Efficiency in a Robo-Taxi System [supporting dataset]. New England University Transportation Center (NEUTC) Region 1 University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/E3H1AZ.
This project aims to leverage NPMRDS data and machine learning techniques to analyze the relationships between speed variations, crash occurrences, weather conditions, and road geometry. The goal is to identify patterns that can measure the performance of road segments and inform targeted safety interventions and infrastructure improvements. The pr
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Faezipour, M., Park, S., & Wu, S. (2025). Analyzing NPMRDS Using Advanced Machine Learning to Enhance Road Safety, Public Health and System Performance (Report No. CT-2337-F-25-4). Connecticut. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88826
Faezipour, Miad, Sangho Park, and Shuju Wu. Analyzing NPMRDS Using Advanced Machine Learning to Enhance Road Safety, Public Health and System Performance. Report no. CT-2337-F-25-4. Connecticut. Department of Transportation, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88826.
Faezipour, Miad, et al. Analyzing NPMRDS Using Advanced Machine Learning to Enhance Road Safety, Public Health and System Performance. Connecticut. Department of Transportation, 2025, Report no. CT-2337-F-25-4, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/88826.
Tables and graphs for deep learning model performance not used in the Coastal REsearch And Transportation Education (CREATE) Report for Deep Learning Based Automated Data Collection Technology for Coastal Highway Pavements. These include performance metrics such as precision, recall, and mean average precision at 50% overlap (mAP50) for each model
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DatasetSupporting Files
Wang, F., Sanchez, C., Bai, Y., & Luo, X. (2025). Data for: Deep Learning Based Automated Data Collection Technology for Coastal Highway Pavements [supporting data]. CREATE - Coastal REsearch And Transportation Education. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17095715
Wang, Feng, Carlos Sanchez, Yongsheng Bai, and Xiaohua Luo. Data for: Deep Learning Based Automated Data Collection Technology for Coastal Highway Pavements [supporting data]. CREATE - Coastal REsearch And Transportation Education, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17095715.
Wang, Feng, et al. Data for: Deep Learning Based Automated Data Collection Technology for Coastal Highway Pavements [supporting data]. CREATE - Coastal REsearch And Transportation Education, 2025, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17095715.
This project developed and demonstrated an AI-enabled vision system for intersection analytics capable of automatically generating Turning Movement Counts (TMCs) and integrating them with Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) data to evaluate traffic signal performance. Using existing Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) CCTV (Closed Circuit Tele
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Adu-Gyamfi, Y., & Tanner, M. (2025). AI-Enabled Vision System for Intersection Analytics (Report No. cmr 25-012). Missouri. Department of Transportation. Construction and Materials Division. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86975
Adu-Gyamfi, Yaw and Muturi Tanner. AI-Enabled Vision System for Intersection Analytics. Report no. cmr 25-012. Missouri. Department of Transportation. Construction and Materials Division, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86975.
Adu-Gyamfi, Yaw, and Muturi Tanner AI-Enabled Vision System for Intersection Analytics. Missouri. Department of Transportation. Construction and Materials Division, 2025, Report no. cmr 25-012, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86975.
This project is designed to overcome the challenges faced by today's traffic management systems by: 1. Developing a fully automated vision system architecture to generate Turning Movement Counts (TMCs) eliminating the need for manual directional inputs. 2. Integrating TMCs with SPaT data to generate key intersection performance metrics including de
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Adu-Gyamfi, Y., & Schulte, B. (2025). AI-Enabled Vision System for Intersection Analytics [Research Summary] (Report No. TR202506). Missouri. Department of Transportation. Construction and Materials Division. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86976
Adu-Gyamfi, Yaw and Brent Schulte. AI-Enabled Vision System for Intersection Analytics [Research Summary]. Report no. TR202506. Missouri. Department of Transportation. Construction and Materials Division, 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86976.
Adu-Gyamfi, Yaw, and Brent Schulte AI-Enabled Vision System for Intersection Analytics [Research Summary]. Missouri. Department of Transportation. Construction and Materials Division, 2025, Report no. TR202506, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86976.
This study presents a pilot project for predicting pedestrian flows using video-based computer vision and deep learning techniques. Two custom datasets were collected on the Georgia Tech campus, featuring video recordings of multiple pedestrian pathways along with annotated pedestrian counts and directional flow information. A methodological framew
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Han, C., Chivilkar, S., & Guhathakurta, S. (2025). A Pilot Experimental Project for Predicting Pedestrian Flows Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning. Center for Understanding Future of Travel Behavior and Demand (TBD) National University Transportation Center (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87067
Han, Chaeyeon, Shreya Chivilkar, and Subhrajit Guhathakurta. A Pilot Experimental Project for Predicting Pedestrian Flows Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning. Center for Understanding Future of Travel Behavior and Demand (TBD) National University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87067.
Han, Chaeyeon, et al. A Pilot Experimental Project for Predicting Pedestrian Flows Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning. Center for Understanding Future of Travel Behavior and Demand (TBD) National University Transportation Center (UTC), 2025, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/87067.
This project introduces an end-to-end framework for constructing integrated traffic network equilibrium models, which can serve as lightweight travel demand models, directly from multi-day aggregate traffic state observations. Unknown components on both the supply and demand sides are parameterized with computational graphs and embedded in a variat
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Liu, Z., & Yin, Y. (2025). End-to-End Learning Framework for Transportation Network Equilibrium Modeling (Report No. CCAT Final Report 88). University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation. https://doi.org/10.7302/27624
Liu, Zhichen and Yafeng Yin. End-to-End Learning Framework for Transportation Network Equilibrium Modeling. Report no. CCAT Final Report 88. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.7302/27624.
Liu, Zhichen, and Yafeng Yin End-to-End Learning Framework for Transportation Network Equilibrium Modeling. University of Michigan. Center for Connected and Automated Transportation, 2025, Report no. CCAT Final Report 88, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.7302/27624.
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