U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Federal Aviation Administration

rosaP Repository & Open Science Access Portal

The FAA conducts research to ensure that commercial and general aviation is the safest in the world. Bookmark this collection https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_faa or https://doi.org/10.21949/1530831.

(13)
(33)
(49)
(39)
(37)
(42)
(27)
(18)
(18)
(17)
(12)
(8)
(4)
(11)
(8)
(17)
(9)
(5)
(9)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(28)
(27)
(31)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(1)
0 of 59
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(17)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(18)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(18)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(6)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(10)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(7)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(14)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(3)
(4)
0 of 1000
(2)
(18)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(24)
(114)
(2)
(8)
(27)
(147)
(43)
(2)
(24)
(8)
(13)
(171)
(2)
0 of 20
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 242
(16)
(3)
(24)
(23)
(43)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(21)
(17)
(14)
(6)
0 of 13
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(17)
(2)
(6)
(9)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(1)
(47)
(4)
(1)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(25)
(1)
(12)
(3)
(1)
(17)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(12)
(24)
(1)
(215)
(1)
(179)
(11)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(7)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(22)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 145
(2)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(6)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(51)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(19)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(7)
(24)
(95)
(2)
(197)
(44)
(6)
(1)
(14)
(5)
(11)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
0 of 76
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(15)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(2)
(100)
(8)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(29)
(42)
(2)
(31)
(3)
(79)
(1)
(17)
(8)
(32)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(37)
(1)
(68)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(30)
(1)
(12)
(51)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(83)
(4)
(29)
(13)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(33)
(2)
(29)
(10)
(69)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(7)
(68)
(9)
(83)
(1)
(5)
(25)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(32)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(178)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(189)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(69)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(50)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(94)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(36)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(9)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(66)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(10)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(35)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(11)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(4)
(30)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(4)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(18)
(49)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(35)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(4)
(1)
(13)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(29)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(34)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(12)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(112)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(37)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(20)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(136)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(14)
(29)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(27)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(3)
(7)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(23)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(29)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(126)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(17)
(8)
(25)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(36)
(8)
(2)
(7)
(3)
(10)
(2)
(33)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(119)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(31)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(39)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(112)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(12)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(6)
(5)
(14)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(4)
(23)
(5)
(3)
(5)
(36)
(4)
(4)
(16)
(2)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(40)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(29)
(10)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(9)
(23)
(31)
(32)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(14)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(23)
(4)
(6)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 309
Showing 61 - 80 of 617 results
  • Dielectric Constant Predictions for JetRange Hydrocarbons Evaluating the ClausiusMossotti Relation and Correcting for Molecular Dipole Moments
    Dielectric Constant Predictions for Jet-Range Hydrocarbons: Evaluating the Clausius–Mossotti Relation and Correcting for Molecular Dipole Moments
    Faulhaber, Conor ;
    Bell, David C
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    The dielectric constant of aviation turbine fuel is leveraged by aircraft fuel quantity indicator systems (FQISs) using the Clausius–Mossotti relation, which assumes no significant dipole moments. For fossil-derived jet fuel containing relatively consistent fractions of polar aromatic molecules, this is appropriate. However, the interest in sustain ...
  • FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels Environment Annual Technical Report 2024 For the Period October 1 2023 September 30 2024
    FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels & Environment: Annual Technical Report 2024: For the Period October 1, 2023 – September 30, 2024
    United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment  ...
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    This report covers the period October 1, 2023, through September 30, 2024. The Center was established by the authority of FAA solicitation 13-C-AJFE-Solicitation. During that time the ASCENT team launched a new website, which can be viewed at ascent.aero. The next meeting(s) will be held during the months of April and May 2023.
  • LongTerm Nighttime Aircraft Noise Exposure and Risk of Hypertension in a Prospective Cohort of Female Nurses
    Long-Term Nighttime Aircraft Noise Exposure and Risk of Hypertension in a Prospective Cohort of Female Nurses
    Peters, Junenette L ;
    Grady, Stephanie T.
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    There is growing interest in cardiometabolic outcomes associated with nighttime noise, given that noise can disturb sleep and sleep disturbance can increase cardiometabolic risk such as hypertension. However, there is little empirical research evaluating the association between nighttime aircraft noise and hypertension risk. In this study, we expan ...
  • Accounting for Plume Rise of Aircraft Emissions and Shoreline Meteorology Enhances AERMODs Description of Concentrations Measured Around Los Angeles Airport
    Accounting for Plume Rise of Aircraft Emissions and Shoreline Meteorology Enhances AERMOD’s Description of Concentrations Measured Around Los Angeles Airport
    Pandey, Gavendra ;
    Venkatram, Akula
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    The Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), developed by the FAA, is used to analyze the environmental impact of airport activities on air quality and noise near airports. AEDT incorporates AERMOD to estimate concentrations resulting from aircraft emissions, which possess horizontal momentum as well as buoyancy. The current version (v23132) of A ...
  • Project 047 CleanSheet Supersonic Aircraft Engine Design and Performance
    Project 047 Clean-Sheet Supersonic Aircraft Engine Design and Performance
    Barrett, Steven R.H. ;
    Speth, Raymond
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    Aviation is an integral part of modern society and economy. A fundamental challenge facing the aviation sector in the coming decades is to enable the 3.8% projected growth in air traffic per year and the associated benefits while simultaneously reducing aviation’s impact on the environment in terms of air quality and climate. This thesis improves t ...
  • Project 074 Low Emissions Premixed Combustion Technology for Supersonic Civil Transport
    Project 074 Low Emissions Premixed Combustion Technology for Supersonic Civil Transport
    Steinberg, Adam
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    This project advanced the state-of-the-art in fuel-lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustor technology for use in future civil supersonic transport (CST) aircraft engines. Cruise conditions for CST aircraft are such that combustors operate in a different parameter space than combustors for traditional subsonic aircraft. These conditions lead to c ...
  • Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Evaluation of Flight Deck Displays and Controls Version 30
    Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Evaluation of Flight Deck Displays and Controls, Version 3.0
    Yeh, Michelle ;
    Swider, Cathy
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    The purpose of this document is to identify and resolve human factors issues as part of the design and evaluation of flight deck displays and controls for all types of aircraft (Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, and 29), in the interest of improving aviation safety. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides h ...
  • Information Management on the Flight Deck of Highly Automated Aircraft
    Information Management on the Flight Deck of Highly Automated Aircraft
    Sarter, Nadine
    2024-08-31 | PDF
    In recent years, an increase in the amount of information that is available on advanced flight decks has raised concerns about potential problems such as data overload, a failure to notice important changes/events due to masking, and prohibitive information access costs. To better understand the (effects of the) changing information landscape on mo ...
  • Flight Crew Task Management Baseline Assessment
    Flight Crew Task Management: Baseline Assessment
    Lubold, Nichola ;
    Finseth, Tor
    2024-08-30 | PDF
    This study documents a baseline of casual and contributing factors to flight deck task management deficiencies and vulnerabilities in flightpath monitoring, and air traffic interactions which affect flightpath management. Sixty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with participant backgrounds ranging from captains, first officers, check pi ...
  • Evaluation of the Vaisala LT31 Transmissometer as a Gold Standard Visibility Sensor Market Research Test Experiences and Validation
    Evaluation of the Vaisala LT31 Transmissometer as a “Gold Standard” Visibility Sensor: Market Research, Test Experiences, and Validation
    Snyder, Carl ;
    Scarpone, Christopher
    2024-08-20 | PDF
    The FAA sponsored the Volpe Center to identify, acquire, and test a replacement sensor for its existing visibility standard, the Tasker 500 transmissometer. The Volpe Center identified the Vaisala LT31 as a viable candidate; purchased an LT31 and installed it side-by-side with a Tasker 500 transmissometer and other weather sensors; and collected an ...
  • Analysis of Constraining a Chemical Kinetic Mechanism Using Hybrid Response Surface Networks
    Analysis of Constraining a Chemical Kinetic Mechanism Using Hybrid Response Surface Networks
    Wiersema, Paxton ;
    Oh, Ji-Hun
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    This paper presents an artificial intelligence based analysis for fast development of jet fuel chemical kinetic mechanisms through optimal constraining of parameters. The need to generate chemical kinetic mechanisms rapidly with less uncertainty is a critical requirement to efficiently assess newly introduced sustainable aviation fuels. To overcome ...
  • Perspective on Fuel Property Blending Rules for Design and Qualification of Aviation Fuels A Review
    Perspective on Fuel Property Blending Rules for Design and Qualification of Aviation Fuels: A Review
    Boehm, Randall C. ;
    Yang, Zhibin
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    The push toward sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is intensifying in response to global decarbonization efforts. This review discusses the development and assessment of probabilistic fuel property prediction methods in use today and vital for the formulation of these next-generation SAFs. We discuss the rigorous quality assurance specifications nec ...
  • Flight Deck Perspectives on PerformanceBased Navigation PBN Departure Procedures
    Flight Deck Perspectives on Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Departure Procedures
    Chandra, Divya C ;
    Sparko, Andrea L.
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    This project examines flight deck human factors considerations for Performance Based Navigation (PBN) departure procedures (DPs), focusing on issues relevant to the Multiple Airport Route Separation (MARS) concept. MARS will expand the use of PBN routes in the terminal area to improve the flow of traffic in busy areas with multiple airports. We col ...
  • Soil Application of HighLignin Fermentation Byproduct to Increase the Sustainability of Liquid Biofuel Production from Crop Residues
    Soil Application of High-Lignin Fermentation Byproduct to Increase the Sustainability of Liquid Biofuel Production from Crop Residues
    Lynd, Lee ;
    Kemanian, Armen R
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    When digestates from anaerobic digestion of crop residues are added to soil, a considerable body of information indicates that soil organic carbon (SOC) levels are comparable to those when crop residues are left in the field. This occurs although the amount of digestate added to soil is diminished by digestion and implies that digestion increases t ...
  • NearZero Environmental Impact Aircraft
    Near-Zero Environmental Impact Aircraft
    Prashanth, Prakash ;
    Elmourad, Jad
    2024-07-01 | PDF
    The fundamental challenge facing today's aviation industry is to achieve net zero climate impacts while simultaneously sustaining growth and global connectivity. Aviation's impact on surface air quality, which is comparable to aviation's climate impact when monetized, further heightens this challenge. Prior studies have proposed solutions that aim ...
  • The Effect of Theoretical SAF Composition on Calculated Engine and Aircraft Efficiency
    The Effect of Theoretical SAF Composition on Calculated Engine and Aircraft Efficiency
    Boehm, Randall C. ;
    Faulhaber, Conor
    2024-06-01 | PDF
    Whether the feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) originates from agriculture or from waste streams, life cycle CO2 emissions per unit enthalpy are lower for SAF than they are for petroleum distillates primarily because of differences on the front end such as fostered growth of crops or decreased demand for resources or acreage to manage wa ...
  • Localized ResolventMode Bases for Turbulence Statistics
    Localized Resolvent-Mode Bases for Turbulence Statistics
    Eichberger, Ethan ;
    Heidt, Liam F
    2024-06-01 | PDF
    Modes from global resolvent analyses have been shown to accurately model the frequencies and spatial structure of the dominant coherent structures in several turbulent flows. However, resolvent-mode forcing models must be developed to predict the amplitude of the structures or other flow statistics, including the radiated noise. The present researc ...
  • Extended Reality in Flight Attendant Initial Training Data Management Plan
    Extended Reality in Flight Attendant Initial Training [Data Management Plan]
    Breeding, Levi L
    ORCID ICON IMG
    2024-05-01 | PDF
    The purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of extended reality (XR) to an existing training program provided to new hire flight attendants improved training effectiveness in terms of cabin door procedures. Methods. This retrospective cohort study used preexisting flight attendant training data provided by a collaborating organizatio ...
  • TimeVarying Broadband Noise of Multirotor Aircraft
    Time-Varying Broadband Noise of Multirotor Aircraft
    Gan, Ze Feng ;
    Valente, Vítor T
    2024-05-01 | PDF
    Rotor broadband noise is typically analyzed over time scales encompassing multiple rotor periods. However, modulation of broadband noise levels with the blade passage frequency has been shown to be significant for human perception of wind turbine and helicopter noise. Time-varying broadband noise has not been extensively studied for aircraft with m ...
  • ReducedOrder Model for Supersonic Transport Takeoff Noise Scaling with Cruise Mach Number
    Reduced-Order Model for Supersonic Transport Takeoff Noise Scaling with Cruise Mach Number
    Voet, Laurens J. A. ;
    Prashanth, Prakash
    2024-04-01 | PDF
    The recent interest in the development of supersonic transport raises concerns about an increase in community noise around airports. As noise certification standards for supersonic transport other than Concorde have not yet been developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization, there is a need for a physics-based scaling rule for superson ...
61 - 80 / 617