U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.
Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Federal Aviation Administration

rosaP Repository & Open Science Access Portal

The FAA conducts research to ensure that commercial and general aviation is the safest in the world. Bookmark this collection https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_faa or https://doi.org/10.21949/1530831.

(14)
(45)
(35)
(36)
(41)
(21)
(18)
(18)
(15)
(8)
(6)
(4)
(11)
(8)
(17)
(6)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(27)
(27)
(31)
(15)
(6)
(2)
(5)
(1)
(1)
0 of 53
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(18)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(14)
(3)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(23)
(6)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(6)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
0 of 802
(1)
(17)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(100)
(2)
(7)
(27)
(147)
(40)
(1)
(18)
(8)
(9)
(130)
(2)
0 of 19
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 198
(16)
(3)
(23)
(43)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(21)
(17)
(14)
(6)
0 of 11
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(38)
(4)
(15)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(25)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(2)
(12)
(1)
(181)
(1)
(157)
(10)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(17)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(21)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(19)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 of 120
(2)
(5)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(1)
(44)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(19)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(2)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(24)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(7)
(95)
(2)
(161)
(16)
(6)
(1)
(14)
(4)
(11)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 65
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(11)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(31)
(2)
(73)
(8)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(25)
(41)
(30)
(3)
(64)
(1)
(15)
(8)
(8)
(3)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(36)
(1)
(39)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(30)
(1)
(10)
(51)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(54)
(4)
(29)
(12)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(37)
(2)
(29)
(10)
(66)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(6)
(44)
(7)
(83)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(138)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(153)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(58)
(2)
(11)
(1)
(44)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(94)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(30)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(9)
(36)
(1)
(4)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(33)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(6)
(6)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(29)
(29)
(4)
(30)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(52)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(8)
(1)
(5)
(15)
(42)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(1)
(9)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(33)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(3)
(1)
(13)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(13)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(32)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(11)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(112)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(36)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(8)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(16)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(136)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(14)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(7)
(3)
(1)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(23)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(29)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(126)
(7)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(15)
(8)
(21)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(36)
(7)
(2)
(7)
(9)
(2)
(31)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(118)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(30)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(31)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(112)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(10)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(9)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(14)
(3)
(6)
(4)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(4)
(23)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(35)
(3)
(11)
(2)
(8)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(36)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(4)
(29)
(9)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(7)
(23)
(30)
(32)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(6)
(2)
(14)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(7)
(23)
(4)
(6)
0 of 1000
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0 of 278
Showing 21 - 40 of 521 results
  • Identifying Human Factors Research for Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Advanced Air Mobility
    Identifying Human Factors Research for Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Advanced Air Mobility
    Kaliardos, William N. (Bill) ;
    Holbrook, Jon
    2024-10-01 | PDF
    This paper identifies some of the key human factors (HF) challenges when integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) into the civil airspace. Unique HF considerations—those which are derived from the key differentiating aspects of UAS/AAM compared to conventional aviation—are the primary basis for identifying HF rese ...
  • Contrail Altitude Estimation Using GOES16 ABI Data and Deep Learning
    Contrail Altitude Estimation Using GOES-16 ABI Data and Deep Learning
    Meijer, Vincent R ;
    Eastham, Sebastian D
    2024-10-01 | PDF
    The climate impact of persistent aircraft contrails is currently estimated to be comparable to that due to aviation-emitted CO2. A potential near-term and low-cost mitigation option is contrail avoidance, which involves rerouting aircraft around ice-supersaturated regions, preventing the formation of persistent contrails. Current forecasting method ...
  • Incorporating Meander to Account for the Impact of Low Winds in Area Source Modeling AERMOD as a Case Study
    Incorporating Meander to Account for the Impact of Low Winds in Area Source Modeling; AERMOD as a Case Study
    Venkatram, Akula ;
    Pandey, Gavendra
    2024-10-01 | PDF
    A variety of sources of pollutant emissions can be represented as area sources. These include manure lagoons, landfills, wastewater treatment ponds, and highways. A group of point sources can also be treated as an area source. The impact of an area source is usually computed by representing the area source as a set of line sources perpendicular to ...
  • Cognitive Skill Degradation Phase III
    Cognitive Skill Degradation: Phase III
    Lubold, Nichola ;
    Finseth, Tor
    2024-09-19 | PDF
    This report documents the data and findings of a research study conducted to (1) collect an inventory of flightpath management (FPM) cognitive skills and examples of flightpath management knowledge for Part 121 operations and (2) investigate how susceptible FPM cognitive skills and knowledge are to degradation. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation ...
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis and Travel 2024
    Deep Vein Thrombosis and Travel [2024]
    United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
    2024-09-12 | Aeromedical Safety Brochures | PDF
    Aeromedical Safety Brochures are prepared for general aviation pilots, commercial pilots and physicians. The brochures acquaint the aviation community with the physiological challenges of the aviation environment and relevant safety concerns.
    Supporting Files
  • PAISANO Performance Assessment for Instrumentation Systems used for Aircraft NOise Guidance and Recommendations for Assessment and Validation of Noise Measurement Recording and Analysis Instrumentation Systems for Establishing Compliance with Aircraft Noise Certification Specifications and Requirements
    “PAISANO” – Performance Assessment for Instrumentation Systems used for Aircraft NOise [Guidance and Recommendations for Assessment and Validation of Noise Measurement, Recording, and Analysis Instrumentation Systems for Establishing Compliance with Aircraft Noise Certification Specifications and Requirements]
    Samiljan, Robert ;
    Read, David
    2024-09-11 | PDF
    This document provides guidance in the form of recommendations and requirements applicable to acoustic data collection, recording, and analysis instrumentation systems for use by applicants for aircraft noise certification under the authority of Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, part 36.
  • FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels Environment Annual Technical Report 2024 For the Period October 1 2023 September 30 2024
    FAA Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels & Environment: Annual Technical Report 2024: For the Period October 1, 2023 – September 30, 2024
    United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment  ...
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    This report covers the period October 1, 2023, through September 30, 2024. The Center was established by the authority of FAA solicitation 13-C-AJFE-Solicitation. During that time the ASCENT team launched a new website, which can be viewed at ascent.aero. The next meeting(s) will be held during the months of April and May 2023.
  • Accounting for Plume Rise of Aircraft Emissions and Shoreline Meteorology Enhances AERMODs Description of Concentrations Measured Around Los Angeles Airport
    Accounting for Plume Rise of Aircraft Emissions and Shoreline Meteorology Enhances AERMOD’s Description of Concentrations Measured Around Los Angeles Airport
    Pandey, Gavendra ;
    Venkatram, Akula
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    The Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), developed by the FAA, is used to analyze the environmental impact of airport activities on air quality and noise near airports. AEDT incorporates AERMOD to estimate concentrations resulting from aircraft emissions, which possess horizontal momentum as well as buoyancy. The current version (v23132) of A ...
  • Flight Deck Perspectives on Departure Procedures for Multiple Airport Route Separation
    Flight Deck Perspectives on Departure Procedures for Multiple Airport Route Separation
    Sparko, Andrea L. ;
    Chandra, Divya C
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    This paper documents portions of a study that examined current flight deck human factors issues associated with Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) departure procedures (DPs), with a focus on issues relevant to a proposed Air Traffic Control (ATC) operational concept called Multiple Airport Route Separation (MARS). MARS aims to improve the flow of a ...
  • LongTerm Nighttime Aircraft Noise Exposure and Risk of Hypertension in a Prospective Cohort of Female Nurses
    Long-Term Nighttime Aircraft Noise Exposure and Risk of Hypertension in a Prospective Cohort of Female Nurses
    Peters, Junenette L ;
    Grady, Stephanie T.
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    There is growing interest in cardiometabolic outcomes associated with nighttime noise, given that noise can disturb sleep and sleep disturbance can increase cardiometabolic risk such as hypertension. However, there is little empirical research evaluating the association between nighttime aircraft noise and hypertension risk. In this study, we expan ...
  • Assessing the Effect of Composition on Dielectric Constant of Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    Assessing the Effect of Composition on Dielectric Constant of Sustainable Aviation Fuel
    Yang, Zhibin ;
    Bell, David C
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    One of the challenges in developing 100% sustainable aviation fuels is the effect of synthetic blend components on the dielectric constant. Modern aircraft often employ capacitance-based gauging systems that rely on the dielectric constant of the fuel onboard to determine fuel quantity. Aircraft manufacturers have expressed concern over inaccuracie ...
  • Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Evaluation of Flight Deck Displays and Controls Version 30
    Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Evaluation of Flight Deck Displays and Controls, Version 3.0
    Yeh, Michelle ;
    Swider, Cathy
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    The purpose of this document is to identify and resolve human factors issues as part of the design and evaluation of flight deck displays and controls for all types of aircraft (Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 23, 25, 27, and 29), in the interest of improving aviation safety. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides h ...
  • Dielectric Constant Predictions for JetRange Hydrocarbons Evaluating the ClausiusMossotti Relation and Correcting for Molecular Dipole Moments
    Dielectric Constant Predictions for Jet-Range Hydrocarbons: Evaluating the Clausius–Mossotti Relation and Correcting for Molecular Dipole Moments
    Faulhaber, Conor ;
    Bell, David C
    2024-09-01 | PDF
    The dielectric constant of aviation turbine fuel is leveraged by aircraft fuel quantity indicator systems (FQISs) using the Clausius–Mossotti relation, which assumes no significant dipole moments. For fossil-derived jet fuel containing relatively consistent fractions of polar aromatic molecules, this is appropriate. However, the interest in sustain ...
  • Information Management on the Flight Deck of Highly Automated Aircraft
    Information Management on the Flight Deck of Highly Automated Aircraft
    Sarter, Nadine
    2024-08-31 | PDF
    In recent years, an increase in the amount of information that is available on advanced flight decks has raised concerns about potential problems such as data overload, a failure to notice important changes/events due to masking, and prohibitive information access costs. To better understand the (effects of the) changing information landscape on mo ...
  • Flight Crew Task Management Baseline Assessment
    Flight Crew Task Management: Baseline Assessment
    Lubold, Nichola ;
    Finseth, Tor
    2024-08-30 | PDF
    This study documents a baseline of casual and contributing factors to flight deck task management deficiencies and vulnerabilities in flightpath monitoring, and air traffic interactions which affect flightpath management. Sixty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with participant backgrounds ranging from captains, first officers, check pi ...
  • Evaluation of the Vaisala LT31 Transmissometer as a Gold Standard Visibility Sensor Market Research Test Experiences and Validation
    Evaluation of the Vaisala LT31 Transmissometer as a “Gold Standard” Visibility Sensor: Market Research, Test Experiences, and Validation
    Snyder, Carl ;
    Scarpone, Christopher
    2024-08-20 | PDF
    The FAA sponsored the Volpe Center to identify, acquire, and test a replacement sensor for its existing visibility standard, the Tasker 500 transmissometer. The Volpe Center identified the Vaisala LT31 as a viable candidate; purchased an LT31 and installed it side-by-side with a Tasker 500 transmissometer and other weather sensors; and collected an ...
  • Soil Application of HighLignin Fermentation Byproduct to Increase the Sustainability of Liquid Biofuel Production from Crop Residues
    Soil Application of High-Lignin Fermentation Byproduct to Increase the Sustainability of Liquid Biofuel Production from Crop Residues
    Lynd, Lee ;
    Kemanian, Armen R
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    When digestates from anaerobic digestion of crop residues are added to soil, a considerable body of information indicates that soil organic carbon (SOC) levels are comparable to those when crop residues are left in the field. This occurs although the amount of digestate added to soil is diminished by digestion and implies that digestion increases t ...
  • Flight Deck Perspectives on PerformanceBased Navigation PBN Departure Procedures
    Flight Deck Perspectives on Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Departure Procedures
    Chandra, Divya C ;
    Sparko, Andrea L.
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    This project examines flight deck human factors considerations for Performance Based Navigation (PBN) departure procedures (DPs), focusing on issues relevant to the Multiple Airport Route Separation (MARS) concept. MARS will expand the use of PBN routes in the terminal area to improve the flow of traffic in busy areas with multiple airports. We col ...
  • Perspective on Fuel Property Blending Rules for Design and Qualification of Aviation Fuels A Review
    Perspective on Fuel Property Blending Rules for Design and Qualification of Aviation Fuels: A Review
    Boehm, Randall C. ;
    Yang, Zhibin
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    The push toward sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is intensifying in response to global decarbonization efforts. This review discusses the development and assessment of probabilistic fuel property prediction methods in use today and vital for the formulation of these next-generation SAFs. We discuss the rigorous quality assurance specifications nec ...
  • Analysis of Constraining a Chemical Kinetic Mechanism Using Hybrid Response Surface Networks
    Analysis of Constraining a Chemical Kinetic Mechanism Using Hybrid Response Surface Networks
    Wiersema, Paxton ;
    Oh, Ji-Hun
    2024-08-01 | PDF
    This paper presents an artificial intelligence based analysis for fast development of jet fuel chemical kinetic mechanisms through optimal constraining of parameters. The need to generate chemical kinetic mechanisms rapidly with less uncertainty is a critical requirement to efficiently assess newly introduced sustainable aviation fuels. To overcome ...
21 - 40 / 521