United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, MacroSys, LLC, & WRA (2026). BTS Transportation Probe Data Guide: Non-LBS Cellular Probe Data. United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. https://doi.org/10.21949/8q9s-gw77
United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, MacroSys, LLC, and WRA. BTS Transportation Probe Data Guide: Non-LBS Cellular Probe Data. United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2026. https://doi.org/10.21949/8q9s-gw77.
United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, et al. BTS Transportation Probe Data Guide: Non-LBS Cellular Probe Data. United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2026, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.21949/8q9s-gw77.
Cell phones directly produce two types of probe data, both of which leverage the spatiotemporal information derivable from the relative strength of a phone’s connection to cell towers owned by its corresponding mobile phone carrier: event-driven call detail records (CDRs) and network-driven passive-signaling data. Both data types are available from any type of mobile phone, a side effect of mobile phone carriers’ need to implement usage-based customer billing, optimize networks, and improve 911 emergency response rates Hard et al. 2016; Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 2018; Zhao, Zhao, Koutsopoulos 2016. While these location-detection methods bear some resemblance to the Global Positioning System (GPS)-based procedures underlying location-based services (LBS) sightings from smart phones, they are performed by the phone itself and do not depend on software-based applications (apps).
United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, MacroSys, LLC, & WRA (2026). BTS Transportation Probe Data Guide: Non-LBS Cellular Probe Data. United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. https://doi.org/10.21949/8q9s-gw77
United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, MacroSys, LLC, and WRA. BTS Transportation Probe Data Guide: Non-LBS Cellular Probe Data. United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2026. https://doi.org/10.21949/8q9s-gw77.
United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, et al. BTS Transportation Probe Data Guide: Non-LBS Cellular Probe Data. United States. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2026, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.21949/8q9s-gw77.
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