Herbert T. Landow’s "The Elimination of Random Car Sequence in Trains" (1961) emphasizes the economic and operational consequences of random car sequencing during train assembly. He compares traditional flat and hump yard designs, analyzing their physical layouts, switching procedures, and limitations in eliminating randomness within train consists. He points out that while the car classification process has been highly automated in hump yards, the train assembly process has remained manual. The thesis proposes the ICS yard design—also known as a “Herringbone” or “Trainmaker” yard, as a highly automated classification and sequencing system, that can automate the assembly of outbound multiple-block trains in proper standing order.
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