Terrain Display Alternatives Assessment of Information Density and Alerting Strategies
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1998-04-01
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Edition:Final Report June 1996 - September 1997
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Abstract:Current technology makes it possible to display navigation and terrain information on electronic
screens in the cockpit. The conventions used for position and terrain information must be clearly
presented so pilots can maintain their positional awareness and avoid collision with terrain. There
are very few recommendations or guidelines available for the design and evaluation of electronic
displays.
The Voipe National Transportation Systems Center (Voipe Center), in support of the Federal Aviation
Administration's (FAA's) Office of the Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for Human Factors,
AAR-100, conducted a series of experiments to explore human factors issues in depicting terrain on
electronic displays. Experiments examined instrument-rated General Aviation (GA) pilots' ability to
interpret terrain shown on electronic plan view displays in a flight simulator. The four experiments
examined the following electronic display alternatives: the utility of presenting nonthreatening
terrain during approaches; effectiveness of showing only terrain features for terrain avoidance;
preferences for information density; and the utility of terrain displays paired with visual terrain
alerts. Results suggest display designs should incorporate alerts that identify danger and reorient
pilots. Electronic displays with terrain that incorporate these recommendations should diminish the
number of accidents resulting from a loss of positional awareness, such as
controlled-flight-into-terrain (CFIT) accidents.
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