First Look at Safety and Performance Evaluation of Commercial Sodium-Ion Batteries

Details

• Creators:
  Carter, Rachel ; Waller, Gordon ; Jacob, Connor ; Hayman, Dillon ; West, Patrick J ; Love, Corey Thomas
• Corporate Creators:
  Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)
• Corporate Contributors:
  United States. Department of Transportation. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
• Subject/TRT Terms:
  Accelerated Rate Calorimetry Batteries By Chemical Elements Commercial Cells Electric Batteries Performance Tests Safety Sodium-ion Battery
• DOI:
  https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030661
• Resource Type:
  Journal Article
• Right Statement:
  Open Access; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Geographical Coverage:
  United States
• Corporate Publisher:
  MDPI
• Abstract:
  Herein, we investigate the performance and safety of four of the early-stage, commercial Na-ion batteries available in 2024, representing the most popular cathode types across research and commercialization: polyanion (Na-VPF), layered metal oxide (Na-NMF), and a Prussian blue analog (Na-tmCN). The cells deliver a wide range of energy density with Na-tmCN delivering the least (23 Wh/kg) and Na-NMF delivering the most (127 Wh/kg). The Na-VPF cell was in between (47 Wg/kg). Capacity retention under specified cycling conditions and with periodic 0 V excursions was the most robust for the Na-tmCN cells in both cases. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and nail penetration testing finds that Na-NMF cells do undergo thermal runaway in response to abuse, while the Na-VPF and Na-tmCN exhibit only low self-heating rates (<1 ◦C/min). During these safety tests, all cells exhibited off-gassing, so we conducted in-line FTIR equipped with a heated gas cell to detect CO, CO₂, CH₄, toxic acid gases (HCN, HF, NH₃), and typical electrolyte components (carbonate ester solvents). Gases similar to those detected during Li-ion failures were found in addition to HCN for the Na-tmCN cell. Our work compares different types of commercial Na-ion batteries for the first time, allowing for a more holistic comparison of the safety and performance tradeoffs for different Na-ion cathode types emerging in 2024.
• Content Notes:
  This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Please cite this article as: Carter, R.; Waller, G.H.; Jacob, C.; Hayman, D.; West, P.J.; Love, C.T.. First Look at Safety and Performance Evaluation of Commercial Sodium-Ion Batteries. Energies 2025, 18, 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/
  
  en18030661
  
  
• Format:
  PDF
• Collection(s):
  PHMSA Collection
• Main Document Checksum:
  urn:sha-512:2837e096b5fa81f1ef287f4837d6a8e7481e25cf11400cf8557991f967f17c5f13d0ed750753d8e1c90da3e459768d92a10d8491654581cb891fa7442c684786
• Download URL:
  https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/86104/dot_86104_DS1.pdf
• File Type:
  [PDF - 3.32 MB ]