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Inverted Pavements Synthesis
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2024-02-01
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[PDF-18.42 MB]
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Abstract:Inverted pavement (IP) consists of a lower modulus layer, typically an unbound crushed stone base, sandwiched between a cement-stabilized layer at the bottom and a thin asphalt concrete (AC) surfacing. This type of pavement is extensively used in South Africa, where it has proven to be an effective, low-cost solution for high-trafficked roads. The use of IP in the United States is not widely implemented, with only a few sections identified across the country. This report provides a review of the design, current practice, use, and performance of IP, along with a compilation of US case studies. Construction and performance data for eight IP sections in United States were collected and analyzed. Most of the IP sections have performed well, except for one section, which was subjected to severe weathering that includes high levels of precipitation and freezing conditions. Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis may suggest the feasibility of constructing IP to reduce costs and potentially to decrease environmental impacts compared to conventional pavements (CP). To achieve this goal, the best construction and maintenance practices must be followed. These include using appropriate AC thickness, implementing a regular maintenance program to minimize moisture penetration to the unbound layer(s), allowing the unbound layer to dry to a maximum allowed moisture content before constructing subsequent layers, and ensuring adequate drainage features throughout the IP service life.
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