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Evaluation of partial depth pavement repairs on routes heavily traveled by Amish horse and buggies : phase 1 : final report.
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2017-02-01
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Abstract:This report summarizes Phase 1 research work that was completed to: 1-document Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT)
current practices for partial depth repairs performed on roadways with and without Amish buggy traffic, 2- identify and evaluate the cost effectiveness
of alternative repair mixtures and methods and their combination that can be used to improve the performance and service life
of partial depth repairs performed on Amish buggy routes in Ohio, and 3- identify all possible changes that could be made to the Amish
horses and buggies to mitigate their damage to pavement structures. To achieve the first objective, a survey was conducted to collect
information from ODOT county garages on partial depth repairs. The results of this survey indicated that partial depth repairs on routes with
and without Amish buggy traffic involves milling the distressed area of the pavement to depth of 2 ½ to 3 inches and filling with 448 Type
1 surface course asphalt mix. Limited number of county garages and districts indicated that they monitored compaction during partial depth
repair. The survey results also indicated that, in general, the service life of repairs on non-Amish routes ranged between 5 to 7 years, but
repairs on Amish routes lasted 2 years only. However, partial depth repairs lasted about two years on routes with heavy Amish buggy traffic.
Factors affecting performance for routes with Amish buggy traffic included: Amish buggy volume, grade of road, compaction efforts, mix
type, and joint deterioration from buggy wheels in longitudinal joints.
Analysis of repair cycles for routes with or without buggy traffic was also performed in Phase 1. The results of this analysis indicated
that the rutting was mainly in the surface layer(s) and was not due to deficiency in the pavement structure. Furthermore, aggregates in surface
mixes within the top 2.5 inches were cracked, which was caused by the high stress intensity due to the Amish buggy traffic. The life cycle
cost analyses (LCCA) results showed that partial depth repairs performed on routes with heavy Amish buggy traffic were about three times
more expensive than those of routes without Amish buggy traffic.
Several alternatives were proposed in Phase 1 to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures used in partial depth repairs on
Amish buggy routes, which included using alternative: mix design procedure, asphalt binder type, aggregate structure, and aggregate type.
In addition, it was also proposed to use the vibratory steel roller for compaction of asphalt mixtures used in partial depth repair and monitor
density of compacted mix. The LCCA analysis indicated that the proposed alternative mixtures/method could reduce the life cycle costs of
partial depth repairs on routes with heavy Amish buggy by up to 46%.
Literature review conducted in Phase 1 indicated that using alteranative horseshoes was expensive and won‘t signficantly reduce
the damage to the pavement since the calks or cleats welded to the horseshoes are the main cause of damage to pavement structures. Based
on information collected in this phase, using screw-in studs that are made from hard polymer material and have larger contact area or horse
boots might help to reduce pavement damage caused by Amish buggies. The Amish community representatives were receptive to trying
the screw-in studs and horse boots and using them in the future if they are proven to be cost effective and are not rejected by their horses.
Based on the outcome of Phase 1 of this project, it is recommended that Phase 2 of this study should evaluate all of the identified
alternative mixtures/method for partial depth repairs on Amish buggy routes as well as the proposed changes to Amish buggies.
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[PDF-1.72 MB]
