United States Department of Transportation
i
Compatibility of cementitious materials and admixtures.
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2012-10-01
[PDF-19.21 MB]
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Abstract:Growing demand for creating more sustainable and durable concretes lead to the increased usage of various cementitious materials and
chemical admixtures in the mixtures. However, the increased usage of these components resulted in more complex mixtures that
sometimes cause unexpected incompatibility problems. This report summarizes the results of the investigation of the parameters that
may lead to workability problems, early age hydration irregularities and difficulties in achieving quality air void system in both plain and
fly ash cementitious mixtures. The present research work was performed in three major phases and the statistical modeling was used to
aid in interpretation.
Phase I involved evaluation of more than 100 different paste and mortar mixtures with respect to potential slump loss and hydration
irregularities. The results showed that cements with high C3A and low SO3 content were more prone to incompatibility problems. It was
also observed that mixes with lignin based water reducing agent (WRA) had higher tendency for rapid stiffening than mixes with
polycarboxylate type superplasticizer (PCSP). Increased replacement of cement by class C ashes resulted in the development of
abnormal secondary peaks in semi‐adiabatic calorimetry curves and accelerated the setting behavior.
The focus of phase II was on identifying material combinations that can result in problems related to air void generation and stability.
The experiments were conducted on 18 different systems and included determination of foam drainage and foam index parameters.
The results show that the amount of air entrainers required to obtain target air percentage, increased with the increase in the fly ash
content in the mixture. Lignin based WRA had, in general, a higher air entraining effect than the super‐plasticizer when used in
combination with air entrainers. Also, five out of the six mixtures with most unstable air void system, identified using the foam drainage
experiments, contained the PCSP.
The third (and final) phase of the study involved production of 10 concrete mixtures to verify the incompatibility findings from the
paste and mortar experiments performed in phases I and II. The observations from the concrete testing were in agreement with the
findings from the paste and mortar testing.
Statistical modeling (performed using the material properties and results from phase I) identified the total C3A, SO3 and Na2Oequ
contents of the binder system along with dosage of PCSP (if present in the mixture) as statistically significant in predicting the initial set
time and area of spread (measured using the mini‐slump test).
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