Usability of Light-Emitting Diodes in Precision Approach Path Indicator Systems by Individuals with Marginal Color Vision
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Usability of Light-Emitting Diodes in Precision Approach Path Indicator Systems by Individuals with Marginal Color Vision

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English
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  • Creators:
  • Corporate Creators:
    Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
  • Subject/TRT Terms:
  • Publication/ Report Number:
    DOT/FAA/AM-14/6
  • Resource Type:
    Tech Report
  • Geographical Coverage:
    United States
  • Corporate Publisher:
    United States. Office of Aerospace Medicine
  • Abstract:
    To save energy, the FAA is planning to convert from incandescent lights to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in

    precision approach path indicator (PAPI) systems. Preliminary work on the usability of LEDs by color vision-waivered pilots (Bullough, Skinner, & Milburn, 2012) indicated that red weak (protan) individuals made a few

    errors identifying red. Hence, this follow-up study explored whether clustering LEDs of different chromaticities

    of the same hue would aid users with color vision deficiencies (CVD).

    Participants, aged 18-33 years, included 45 with normal color vision (NCV). Additionally, 48 were diagnosed

    using the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test as 27 deutans (including five subjects with potential

    deutan deficiencies), 11 protans, two tritans, and eight subjects evidencing both red-green and yellow-blue

    deficiencies. Participants completed the Dvorine pseudoisochromatic plate test, the Signal Light Gun Test (which

    is the secondary test for issuing color vision waivers), the Cone Contrast Test, and a simulation of the PAPI

    system. Participants were asked to name the colors of a 4-light, color-coded PAPI simulation using typical red (R)

    and white (W) light configurations resulting in five possible patterns (WWWW, WWWR, WWRR, WRRR, and

    RRRR) composed of either incandescent lights, or clusters of three monochromatic or three heterochromatic

    5mm cylindrical LEDs.

    Analyses did not indicate any significant differences between the incandescent, monochromatic, and

    heterochromatic conditions. A between-group analysis found that a group comprised of those with both red-green

    and yellow-blue deficiencies performed significantly worse than all other color vision groups. Performance was

    not significantly different among all other groups. The protan group performed perfectly on all light sources, even

    on the 16 trials without comparative color luminance cues.

    This finding suggests that color vision-waivered pilots will perform the same on red and white LED PAPI

    systems as with the current incandescent system.

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