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Electrical testing of cement-based materials : role of testing techniques, sample conditioning, and accelerated curing.

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    These projects examined the potential for using electrical testing on concrete as a potential surrogate for obtaining information on ion  ; and fluid transport. Electrical measurements are particularly attractive for use in quality control as they are easy to perform, are  ; performed rapidly, and can be directly related to fluid transport. This work describes how electrical resistance measurements should be  ; corrected for geometry to obtain a geometry independent resistivity or conductivity. Further, this work reviews and discusses several  ; factors that influence the resistivity that is measured including porosity, pore connectivity, the role of temperature on degree of  ; hydration (activation energy), temperature effects on conduction, ionic leaching, and the role of temperature and leaching on porosity.  ; The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the main factors that should be considered when conducting electrical property  ; testing, when using electrical properties for quality control/quality assurance, or if using these materials for acceptance. As a part of this  ; project a series of testing devices were purchased and provided to the INDOT district testing labs for the purpose of providing training  ; and providing information on the variability associated with testing. A round robin study has shown that a coefficient of variation of 4.36  ; % was obtained leading to a within laboratory precision of 12.8 % and a multi‐laboratory precision of 36.0 %. This work has shown that  ; temperature can dramatically influence the resistivity. The work has shown that in general for a standard 100 mm x 200 mm test  ; cylinder, the ratio of surface resistivity to uniaxial resistivity, specifically the factor k ̂2 discussed in Section 5.1, is 1.9 for a homogenous  ; material; however if the material is heterogeneous (due to drying or leaching) this value changes. This project has also illustrated the  ; importance of ionic leaching. It was shown that accelerated curing requires temperature correction as well as control of ionic leaching. A  ; direct correlation is discussed between electrical resistivity and the rapid chloride permeability test. At the current time, resistivity tests  ; show promise in a quality control program, as a method of monitoring the variation associated with production. If used in this way, a  ; trial batch could be used to develop target values, similar to that which is currently done with the maturity method. It is anticipated that  ; an agency could eventually have the potential to use resistivity for mixture qualification; however, additional work is needed to correlate  ; the resistivity with performance or service life models.
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