United States Department of Transportation
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Reducing seismic risk to highway mobility : assessment and design examples for pile foundations affected by lateral spreading.
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2013-04-01
[PDF-4.39 MB]
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Alternative Title:Reducing seismic risk to highway mobility : assessment and design examples for pile foundations affected by lateral loading.
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NTL Classification:NTL-HIGHWAY/ROAD TRANSPORTATION-Bridges and Structures;NTL-ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT-Energy/Environment - Newsletters;
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Abstract:Damage in pile supported structures due to liquefaction and liquefaction induced deformation were reported in past earthquakes around the world
(e.g., Ansal et al. 1999; Seed et al. 1990; EERI 2010, EERI 2011; GEER 2010a, GEER 2010b, GEER 2011). For example, a reconnaissance report
from a recent subduction zone event, the 2010 Chile earthquake (Mw=8.8), showed the pervasive nature of liquefaction and liquefaction-induced
lateral spreading damage to bridge foundations (GEER 2010a, Yen et al. 2011). In terms of seismic hazard, the Pacific Northwest shares similar
conditions from a Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquake source with the expected earthquake magnitude of 9.0 (Mw) and return period of
300 years (Atwater et al. 1995, Atwater and Hemphill-Halley 1997). The risk and damage from a CSZ earthquake event is widely recognized by
the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) as presented in a report by ODOT (2009). A large number of bridges were found to be
vulnerable to a CSZ event, and repair and replacement costs of Oregon bridges have been estimated at more than 1 billion USD (ODOT 2009).
Moreover, thousands of bridges require some kind of modification and/or seismic retrofitting to the foundation in order to improve seismic
performance under liquefaction induced lateral spreading.
To evaluate the seismic performance of bridge foundations and liquefaction mitigation alternatives, ODOT/OTREC funded collaborative
research between Oregon State University (OSU), University of California at Davis (UCD), University of California at San Diego (UCSD),
Hayward Baker Inc., and Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). The main objectives of the research were to develop design
charts for different liquefaction mitigation alternatives and to develop methodologies for assessing the performance of bridge pile foundations in
laterally spreading ground.
The cooperative research focuses on two aspects of liquefaction and liquefaction induced lateral spreading: (1) ground improvement methods,
particularly using stone columns and deep soil mixing (DSM) grids, and (2) assess the seismic performance of bridge foundations (e.g., drilled
shaft, pile groups) and seismic retrofitting alternatives for the bridge foundation. Stone columns for liquefaction mitigation and pile groups
foundation assessment were investigated by the OSU team, while DSM and large diameter piles/shafts alternatives were investigated by the
UCD team. Research teams used OpenSees (http://opensees.berkeley.edu/), an open source computational platform for three dimensional (3D)
finite element (FE) modeling and analysis. OpenSeesPL, a graphical user interface developed by the UCSD team, was used to investigate
liquefaction mitigation alternatives (i.e., stone columns and DSM grids) and the performance of pile foundations in liquefaction induced laterally
spreading ground.
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