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Abstract:This report provides a comprehensive literature survey of permanent and temporary deterrents to nesting and roosting, a
discussion of risks to human health and safety from exposure to bird nests and droppings and recommended protective measures,
and the results of a multi-year field study to test temporary nesting deterrents judged to be most effective.
An extensive survey of the literature was conducted on the following:
• measures used to deter roosting and nesting of pigeons, temporarily deter nesting of swallows (primarily cliff and barn
swallows);
• the nesting requirements of these species to better enable evaluation of the efficacy of these measures; and
• the biology, diseases, and parasites of these species to enable evaluating and minimizing the risks of human detriment from
exposure to these birds, their nests and droppings.
Implementation:
The most effective methods to deter pigeon roosting/nesting are either physical deterrents (i.e., spikes, wires, corner slopes, and
netting) or non-toxic chemical methods. The most effective deterrents for swallow nesting are corner slopes, hanging curtains,
and netting. For any of these methods, proper installation and maintenance are the keys to success. Consideration should be
given to the configuration of the specific site, the extent of the problem, and the cost-effectiveness of the method relative to the
extent of the problem.
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