United States Department of Transportation
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Abstract:With recent high energy prices and the passage of major energy legislation in
2005 (P.L. 109-58), there is ongoing congressional interest in promoting alternatives
to petroleum fuels. Biofuels — transportation fuels produced from plants and other
organic materials — are of particular interest.
Ethanol and biodiesel, the two most widely used biofuels, receive significant
government support under this law in the form of mandated fuel use, tax incentives,
loan and grant programs, and certain regulatory requirements. The 17 programs and
provisions listed in this report have been established over the past 27 years, and are
administered by five separate agencies and departments: Environmental Protection
Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, Internal Revenue
Service, and Customs and Border Protection. These programs target a variety of
beneficiaries, including farmers and rural small businesses, biofuel producers,
petroleum suppliers, and fuel marketers. Arguably, the most significant federal
programs for biofuels have been tax credits for the production or sale of ethanol and
biodiesel. However, with the establishment of the renewable fuels standard (RFS)
under P.L. 109-58, Congress has mandated biofuels use. In the long term, this
mandate may prove even more significant than tax incentives in promoting the use
of these fuels.
This report outlines federal programs that provide direct or indirect incentives
for biofuels. For each program described, the report provides details including
administering agency, authorizing statute(s), annual funding, and expiration date.
The Appendix provides summary information in a table format.
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