Combating terrorism : how five foreign countries are organized to combat terrorism
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2000-04-01
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Abstract:In fiscal year 1999, the federal government spent about $10 billion to combat terrorism. Over 40 federal departments, agencies, and bureaus have a role in combating terrorism. Recognizing that other governments have had more experience dealing with terrorist attacks, the General Accounting Office (GAO) was asked to provide information on (1) how other governments are organized to combat terrorism and (2) how they allocate their resources to combat terrorism. The GAO selected Canada, France, Germany, Israel, and the United Kingdom. Briefly, the five countries examined have similarities in how they are organized to combat terrorism. (1) The countries generally have the majority of organizations used to combat terrorism under one lead government ministry. However, because many other ministries are also involved, the countries have created interagency coordination bodies to coordinate both within and across ministries. (2) The countries have clearly designated who is in charge during a terrorist incident - typically their national or local police. (3) The countries have national policies that emphasize prevention of terrorism. (4) These countries primarily use their general criminal laws (e.g., those for murder or arson) to prosecute terrorists. The countries also have special terrorism-related laws to that allow for special investigations or prosecution mechanisms and increased penalties. (5) The countries' executive branches provide the primary oversight of organizations involved in combating terrorism. The five countries also had similarities in how they allocate resources to combat terrorism. They make resource allocations based upon the likelihood of threats taking place, as determined by intelligence assessments. None of the five countries tracked overall spending on programs to combat terrorism. Such spending was embedded in other accounts for broad organizational or functional areas such as law enforcement, intelligence, and defense. The countries maximize their existing capabilities to address a wide array of threats, including emerging threats, before they create new capabilities or programs.
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