Artificial Intelligence Deployment Center of Excellence (AI COE)
The AI COE Collection is a central resource for transportation stakeholders that may aid in deployment of safe and responsible AI in surface transportation. The collection will feature current and emerging resources, innovations, and technologies. For more information on the AI COE, go to https://highways.dot.gov/ai-coe.
An adequate level of skid resistance over the service life of concrete pavements is crucial for the safety of drivers, especially in wet weather. It has been known that frictional properties of concrete pavements are influenced by concrete mixture proportions, type/properties of aggregates, surface texturing, and degree of surface polishing. Severa
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Rajabipour, F., & Yoon, J. (2021). Use of Machine Learning to Predict Long-Term Skid Resistant of Concrete Pavement (Report No. CIAM-COR-R28, LTI 2022-03). Center for Integrated Asset Management for Multimodal Transportation Infrastructure Systems (CIAMTIS) (UTC). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60834
Rajabipour, Farshad and Jinyoung Yoon. Use of Machine Learning to Predict Long-Term Skid Resistant of Concrete Pavement. Report no. CIAM-COR-R28, LTI 2022-03. Center for Integrated Asset Management for Multimodal Transportation Infrastructure Systems (CIAMTIS) (UTC), 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60834.
Rajabipour, Farshad, and Jinyoung Yoon Use of Machine Learning to Predict Long-Term Skid Resistant of Concrete Pavement. Center for Integrated Asset Management for Multimodal Transportation Infrastructure Systems (CIAMTIS) (UTC), 2021, Report no. CIAM-COR-R28, LTI 2022-03, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60834.
Recently, 2D detection in images has made significant progress owing to the emergence of a convolutional neural network (CNN), which can extract high-level features from the images. However, detecting objects in 3D instead of 2D space is an essential topic when building perception systems for autonomous driving. An autonomous vehicle (AV) needs to
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DatasetSupporting Files
Wang, Y., Sun, W., & Liu, C. (2021). Cooperative Perception of Roadside Unit and Onboard Equipment with Edge Artificial Intelligence for Driving Assistance [supporting datasets]. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5738251
Wang, Yinhai, Wei Sun, and Chenxiao Liu. Cooperative Perception of Roadside Unit and Onboard Equipment with Edge Artificial Intelligence for Driving Assistance [supporting datasets]. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5738251.
Wang, Yinhai, et al. Cooperative Perception of Roadside Unit and Onboard Equipment with Edge Artificial Intelligence for Driving Assistance [supporting datasets]. Connected Cities for Smart Mobility toward Accessible and Resilient Transportation Center (C2SMART), 2021, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5738251.
This research assessed the impact of USEPA's AERMOD dispersion model (version of 19191) source types on predicted pollutant concentrations via a case study for the I-75/I-575 Northwest Corridor (NWC) in Atlanta, GA. Using MOVES-Matrix for MOVES 2014b, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions rates for every hour of a one-year study period were generated usin
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Guensler, R., Lu, H., Reichard, W. (., Dai, Z., Xia, T., Guin, A., & Rodgers, M. O. (2021). AERMOD, RLINE, and RLINEXT Case Study Analyses in Atlanta, Georgia (Report No. FHWA-GA-21-2024). Georgia. Department of Transportation. Office of Performance-Based Management & Research. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/59253
Guensler, Randall, Hongyu Lu, William (Will) Reichard, Ziyi Dai, Tian Xia, Angshuman Guin, and Michael O. Rodgers. AERMOD, RLINE, and RLINEXT Case Study Analyses in Atlanta, Georgia. Report no. FHWA-GA-21-2024. Georgia. Department of Transportation. Office of Performance-Based Management & Research, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/59253.
Guensler, Randall, et al. AERMOD, RLINE, and RLINEXT Case Study Analyses in Atlanta, Georgia. Georgia. Department of Transportation. Office of Performance-Based Management & Research, 2021, Report no. FHWA-GA-21-2024, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/59253.
Roadway safety, especially in rural areas, is one of the most critical components in transportation planning. In collaboration with North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), UNC Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC), and DOT Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, UNC Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI) developed a roadside fea
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Yi, H., Bizon, C., Borland, D., Watson, M., Satusky, M., Rittmuller, R., Radwan, R., Srinivasan, R., & Krishnamurthy, A. (2021). Accelerating Rural Road Safety Using Artificial Intelligence to Unlock Predictive Insights from Videolog Data (Report No. RP2021-20). North Carolina Department of Transportation. Research and Development Unit. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60425
Yi, Hong, Chris Bizon, David Borland, Matthew Watson, Matt Satusky, Robert Rittmuller, Randa Radwan, Raghavan Srinivasan, and Ashok Krishnamurthy. Accelerating Rural Road Safety Using Artificial Intelligence to Unlock Predictive Insights from Videolog Data. Report no. RP2021-20. North Carolina Department of Transportation. Research and Development Unit, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60425.
Yi, Hong, et al. Accelerating Rural Road Safety Using Artificial Intelligence to Unlock Predictive Insights from Videolog Data. North Carolina Department of Transportation. Research and Development Unit, 2021, Report no. RP2021-20, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60425.
Natural disasters cause devastating effects on transportation networks by causing significant damage and obstruction on frequently traveled roads. This report describes the design and implementation of an automated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based damage management using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This system utilizes image processing
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Haddad, R. J., & Gonzalez Bocanegra, M. (2021). Improved Disaster Management Through Automated Damage Assessment Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (Report No. FHWA-GA-21-1901). Georgia. Department of Transportation. Office of Performance-Based Management & Research. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/64370
Haddad, Rami J and Maria Gonzalez Bocanegra. Improved Disaster Management Through Automated Damage Assessment Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Report no. FHWA-GA-21-1901. Georgia. Department of Transportation. Office of Performance-Based Management & Research, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/64370.
Haddad, Rami J, and Maria Gonzalez Bocanegra Improved Disaster Management Through Automated Damage Assessment Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Georgia. Department of Transportation. Office of Performance-Based Management & Research, 2021, Report no. FHWA-GA-21-1901, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/64370.
Acceleration and deceleration maneuvers at signalized intersections are a major hindrance to fuel-efficient vehicle operations. Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) allows for the control of vehicles in a fuel-efficient manner but requires reliable estimates of signal switching times. This study attempts to utilize data from actuated coordina
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Eteifa, S., Rakha, H. A., & Eldardiry, H. M. (2021). Estimating Switching Times of Actuated Coordinated Traffic Signals: A Deep Learning Approach (Report No. UMEC-039). Urban Mobility & Equity Center. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60422
Eteifa, Seifeldeen, Hesham A. Rakha, and Hoda M Eldardiry. Estimating Switching Times of Actuated Coordinated Traffic Signals: A Deep Learning Approach. Report no. UMEC-039. Urban Mobility & Equity Center, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60422.
Eteifa, Seifeldeen, et al. Estimating Switching Times of Actuated Coordinated Traffic Signals: A Deep Learning Approach. Urban Mobility & Equity Center, 2021, Report no. UMEC-039, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60422.
In the US, over 38,000 people die in road crashes each year, and 2.35 million are injured or disabled, according to the statistics report from the Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT) in 2020. In addition, traffic congestion keeping Americans stuck on the road wastes millions of hours and billions of dollars each year. Using stati
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Liu, H., & Shetty, R. R. (2021). Analytical Models for Traffic Congestion and Accident Analysis (Report No. 2102). Mineta Transportation Institute. https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2102
Liu, Hongrui and Rahul Ramachandra Shetty. Analytical Models for Traffic Congestion and Accident Analysis. Report no. 2102. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2102.
Liu, Hongrui, and Rahul Ramachandra Shetty Analytical Models for Traffic Congestion and Accident Analysis. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021, Report no. 2102, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2102.
Transportation is undergoing a period of significant change in the United States, evident by changes in transportation demand. Many factors influence transportation demand and in different ways. Some trends increase demand; some decrease demand; and others shift demand across modes, time of day, and geographies. Technological advances, coupled with
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United States. Federal Highway Administration (2021). The Transportation Future: Trends, Transportation, and Travel. United States. Federal Highway Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63182
United States. Federal Highway Administration. The Transportation Future: Trends, Transportation, and Travel. United States. Federal Highway Administration, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63182.
United States. Federal Highway Administration The Transportation Future: Trends, Transportation, and Travel. United States. Federal Highway Administration, 2021, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63182.
The authors are developing new data collection approaches that use a combination of remote crowdsourcing, machine learning, and online map imagery. Their newest effort, called Project Sidewalk, enables online crowdworkers to remotely label pedestrian-related accessibility problems by virtually walking through city streets in Google Street View. In
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DatasetSupporting Files
Froehlich, J. E. (2021). Combining Crowdsourcing and Machine Learning to Collect Sidewalk Accessibility Data at Scale [supporting datasets] (Report No. 2019-S-UW-2). Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans) (UTC). https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YOTY6A
Froehlich, Jon E. Combining Crowdsourcing and Machine Learning to Collect Sidewalk Accessibility Data at Scale [supporting datasets]. Report no. 2019-S-UW-2. Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans) (UTC), 2021. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YOTY6A.
Froehlich, Jon E Combining Crowdsourcing and Machine Learning to Collect Sidewalk Accessibility Data at Scale [supporting datasets]. Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans) (UTC), 2021, Report no. 2019-S-UW-2, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YOTY6A.
With the significant increase of e-commerce, freight transportation demand has surged significantly over the past decade. Most of the demand has been served by trucks in the United States. One major problem commonly identified across the country is the worsening truck parking availability because the increase of truck parking facilities has lagged
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Yang, H., Liu, C., Zhuang, Y., Sun, W., Murthy, K., Pu, Z., & Wang, Y. (2021). Truck Parking Pattern Aggregation and Availability Prediction by Deep Learning. Washington State Department of Transportation. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3117290
Yang, Hao, Chenxi Liu, Yifan Zhuang, Wei Sun, Karthik Murthy, Ziyuan Pu, and Yinhai Wang. Truck Parking Pattern Aggregation and Availability Prediction by Deep Learning. Washington State Department of Transportation, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3117290.
Yang, Hao, et al. Truck Parking Pattern Aggregation and Availability Prediction by Deep Learning. Washington State Department of Transportation, 2021, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3117290.
United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office
2021-10-05
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The ITS Joint Program Office (JPO) established the AI for ITS Program recognizing the promise AI offers for achieving significant benefits in safety, mobility, efficiency, equity, accessibility, productivity, resilience, and reductions to individual and societal costs, emissions, and other negative environmental impacts. AI refers to processes that
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United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office (2021). Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Program Emerging and Enabling Technologies Research. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65748
United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Program Emerging and Enabling Technologies Research. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65748.
United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Program Emerging and Enabling Technologies Research. United States. Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, 2021, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/65748.
The negative impact of adverse weather conditions on traffic safety and operation is the primary focus of many studies. However, in-depth investigations of driver behavior and performance during adverse weather at a trajectory level using naturalistic driving data are limited. Over the years, researchers have utilized aggregate traffic and weather
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Ahmed, M., Das, A., Khan, M. N., Hammit, B. E., & Ali, E. (2021). Driver Performance and Behavior in Adverse Weather Conditions: Microsimulation and Variable Speed Limit Implementation of the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Results - Phase 3 (Report No. WY-2105F). Wyoming. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60907
Ahmed, Mohamed, Anik Das, Md Nasim Khan, Britton E. Hammit, and Elhashemi Ali. Driver Performance and Behavior in Adverse Weather Conditions: Microsimulation and Variable Speed Limit Implementation of the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Results - Phase 3. Report no. WY-2105F. Wyoming. Department of Transportation, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60907.
Ahmed, Mohamed, et al. Driver Performance and Behavior in Adverse Weather Conditions: Microsimulation and Variable Speed Limit Implementation of the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Results - Phase 3. Wyoming. Department of Transportation, 2021, Report no. WY-2105F, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60907.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has initiated research to develop models of long-term airport pavement performance that can be incorporated into a methodology for extended-life pavement design. This report includes a review of machine learning (ML) techniques for prediction of long-term pavement performance. The study examined applicabili
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Ashtiani, A. Z. (2021). Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Pavement Performance Modeling (Report No. DOT/FAA/TC-21/44). United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. William J. Hughes Technical Center. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60352
Ashtiani, Ali Z. Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Pavement Performance Modeling. Report no. DOT/FAA/TC-21/44. United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. William J. Hughes Technical Center, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60352.
Ashtiani, Ali Z Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Pavement Performance Modeling. United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. William J. Hughes Technical Center, 2021, Report no. DOT/FAA/TC-21/44, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60352.
In 2019, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended the introduction of all-ages helmet law, to reduce fatalities involving cyclists. Even though the benefits of wearing helmets in protecting cyclists against trauma in cycling crashes has been documented, the use of helmets is still limited, and there is opposition against mandatory helme
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Kakhki, F. D., & Chierichetti, M. (2021). Exploring the Relationship Between Mandatory Helmet Use Regulations and Adult Cyclists' Behavior in California Using Hybrid Machine Learning Models (Report No. 21-26). Mineta Transportation Institute. https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2024
Kakhki, Fatemeh Davoudi and Maria Chierichetti. Exploring the Relationship Between Mandatory Helmet Use Regulations and Adult Cyclists' Behavior in California Using Hybrid Machine Learning Models. Report no. 21-26. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2024.
Kakhki, Fatemeh Davoudi, and Maria Chierichetti Exploring the Relationship Between Mandatory Helmet Use Regulations and Adult Cyclists' Behavior in California Using Hybrid Machine Learning Models. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021, Report no. 21-26, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2024.
For decades, traffic signal management agencies have used signal timing optimization tools combined with fine-tuning of signal timing based on field observations in their updates of time-of-day signal timing plans. These traditional signal optimization methods and tools use very limited amount of data and depend on default values in the signal timi
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Hadi, M., Sisiopiku, V., Tariq, M. T., Saha, R. C., Wang, T., & Pacal, G. (2021). Comparing & Combining Existing & Emerging Data Collection & Modeling Strategies in Support of Signal Control Optimization & Management (Report No. Project M2). Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63237
Hadi, Mohammed, Virginia Sisiopiku, Mosammat Tahnin Tariq, Rajib Chandra Saha, Tao Wang, and Gokmen Pacal. Comparing & Combining Existing & Emerging Data Collection & Modeling Strategies in Support of Signal Control Optimization & Management. Report no. Project M2. Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE), 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63237.
Hadi, Mohammed, et al. Comparing & Combining Existing & Emerging Data Collection & Modeling Strategies in Support of Signal Control Optimization & Management. Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center (STRIDE), 2021, Report no. Project M2, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/63237.
Skateboarding as a method of transportation has become prevalent, which has increased the occurrence and likelihood of pedestrian-skateboarder collisions and near-collision scenarios in shared-use roadway areas. Collisions between pedestrians and skateboarders can result in significant injury. New approaches are needed to evaluate shared-use areas
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Shourov, C. E., Sarkar, M., Jahangiri, A., & Paolini, C. (2021). Deep Learning Architectures for Skateboarder-Pedestrian Surrogate Safety Measures. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020022
Shourov, Chowdhury Erfan, Mahasweta Sarkar, Arash Jahangiri, and Christopher Paolini. Deep Learning Architectures for Skateboarder-Pedestrian Surrogate Safety Measures. MDPI, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020022.
Shourov, Chowdhury Erfan, et al. Deep Learning Architectures for Skateboarder-Pedestrian Surrogate Safety Measures. MDPI, 2021, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020022.
The roadway safety of the Rural, Isolated, Tribal, or Indigenous (RITI) communities has become an important social issue in the United States. Official data from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) shows that, in 2012, 54 percent of all fatalities occurred on rural roads while only 19 percent of the US population lived in rural communities. U
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Wang, Y., Sun, W., Ricord, S., Souza, C. M. d., Yin, S., & Tsai, M. J. (2021). Developing a Data-Driven Safety Assessment Framework for RITI Communities in Washington State [2021] (Report No. INE/CSET 21.09). University of Alaska Fairbanks. Center for Safety Equity in Transportation (CSET). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60325
Wang, Yinhai, Wei Sun, Sam Ricord, Cesar Maia de Souza, Shuyi Yin, and Meng-Ju Tsai. Developing a Data-Driven Safety Assessment Framework for RITI Communities in Washington State [2021]. Report no. INE/CSET 21.09. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Center for Safety Equity in Transportation (CSET), 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60325.
Wang, Yinhai, et al. Developing a Data-Driven Safety Assessment Framework for RITI Communities in Washington State [2021]. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Center for Safety Equity in Transportation (CSET), 2021, Report no. INE/CSET 21.09, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/60325.
Congestion has been becoming a critical issue for transportation professionals as it increases travel time, energy use and pollutant emissions. Thanks to recent technology development of wireless communication and artificial intelligence, connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) become a promising and practical approach to increasing road capacity.
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Fan, W. (., & Liu, S. (2021). Impact of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Nontraditional Intersection Design: Superstreets (Report No. 2020 Project 03). University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/58262
Fan, Wei (David) and Shaojie Liu. Impact of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Nontraditional Intersection Design: Superstreets. Report no. 2020 Project 03. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/58262.
Fan, Wei (David), and Shaojie Liu Impact of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Nontraditional Intersection Design: Superstreets. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education, 2021, Report no. 2020 Project 03, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/58262.
Reversible lanes in Chicago's Kennedy Expressway are an available infrastructure that can significantly improve traffic performance; however, a special focus on congestion management is required to improve their operation. This research project aims to evaluate and improve the operation of reversible lanes in the Kennedy Expressway. The Kennedy Exp
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Mohammadian, A., Parsa, A. B., Taghipour, H., Davatgari, A., & Mohammadi, M. (2021). Best Practice Operation of Reversible Express Lanes for the Kennedy Expressway (Report No. FHWA-ICT-21-028). Illinois Center for Transportation. https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-033
Mohammadian, Abolfazl, Amir Bahador Parsa, Homa Taghipour, Amir Davatgari, and Motahare Mohammadi. Best Practice Operation of Reversible Express Lanes for the Kennedy Expressway. Report no. FHWA-ICT-21-028. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-033.
Mohammadian, Abolfazl, et al. Best Practice Operation of Reversible Express Lanes for the Kennedy Expressway. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021, Report no. FHWA-ICT-21-028, ROSA P. https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-033.
Among various natural hazards that threaten transportation infrastructure, flooding represents a major hazard in Region 6's states to roadways as it challenges their design, operation, efficiency, and safety. The catastrophic flooding disaster event generally leads to massive obstruction of traffic, direct damage to highway/bridge structures/paveme
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Lee, Y. C., Choi, K., & Ghannad, P. (2021). Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Project Prioritization for Rapid Post-Disaster Recovery of Transportation Infrastructure Systems (Report No. 20PPLSU14). Transportation Consortium of South-Central States. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/61762
Lee, Yong-Cheol, Kunhee Choi, and Pedram Ghannad. Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Project Prioritization for Rapid Post-Disaster Recovery of Transportation Infrastructure Systems. Report no. 20PPLSU14. Transportation Consortium of South-Central States, 2021. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/61762.
Lee, Yong-Cheol, et al. Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Project Prioritization for Rapid Post-Disaster Recovery of Transportation Infrastructure Systems. Transportation Consortium of South-Central States, 2021, Report no. 20PPLSU14, ROSA P. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/61762.
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